3 +/- 0.1 and 2.6 +/- 0.3 eV, indicating that these layers offer an effective barrier to hole and electron injection. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3647761]“
“This study investigated the relationship between the apolipoprotein (APOE) epsilon 4 allele and brain volumes in patients with medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). MRI-based volumetric analyses of the hippocampi, cerebral hemispheres, and whole brain were conducted in 59 patients with TLE (31 with

left TLE, 28 with right TLE) with hippocampal sclerosis (HS). There were no differences in hippocampal, hemispheric, FK228 or whole brain volumes as a function of epsilon 4 status even after correcting for hemispheric and total brain volumes. However, APOE epsilon 4 carriers showed a trend toward having a smaller discrepancy between ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampal volumes than patients without this allele, and post hoc analyses

suggest there may be an increased incidence of selleck chemicals bilateral HS in epsilon 4 carriers. In summary, APOE e4 is not associated with significant hippocampal, hemispheric, or whole brain atrophy in patients with medically intractable TLE. However, epsilon 4 carriers may be more likely to have bilateral HS, with an apparent dose-dependent effect. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“A 57-year-old woman with refractory vasovagal syncope and a sinus pause of 6.8 seconds during tilt-table test accepted the suggestion of atrial vagal denervation. Radiofrequency pulses were delivered on positive vagal reflex sites according to the standard of heart rate (HR) drop =20% after high frequency stimulation (HFS). The endpoint of inexistence of HR decrease at repeating HFS was achieved in 18 sites. No syncope attacked during 12 months and three tilt-table tests performed at 1, 6, and 12 months were negative.

Extensive ablation on atrial endocardium for vagal denervation is suggested to be efficient in cardioinhibition type of VVS. (PACE 2012;15)”
“Recently it has become clear that seed limitation is probably a much more important factor in plant recovery than has often been Selleck RG-7388 recognized. However, in practice, restoration measures that are focussed on decreasing site limitation may actually increase seed limitation. We tried to determine whether the effects of restoration measures affect site or seed limitation or both. An experiment was set up on ditch banks in the Netherlands which applied agri-environment schemes (AES). To investigate whether nature reserves (seed source) can improve species diversity on the surroundings and to what extent AES is improving this function, we studied the plant diversity (presence of individual species and species richness) of ditch bank vegetations in relation to increasing distance from nature reserves.

Results. When using the four-chamber view as the starting plane, the visualization rate of LVOT, RVOT, and 3VT was 94.1% (48/51), 100% (51/51), and 98.0% (50/51), respectively. When using the longitudinal view as the starting plane, the visualization rate of four-chamber view, LVOT, RVOT, and 3VT was 100% (51/51), 100% (51/51), 41.2% (21/51), and 100% (51/51), respectively.

Conclusions. Live xPlane imaging can be used to visualize the screening views of the fetal heart, and potentially may be a useful tool for the

assessment and diagnosis of fetal congenital heart diseases.”
“BACKGROUND: The bio-oxidation of ferrous iron is a potential industrial process in the regeneration of ferric iron and the removal of H(2)S in combustible gases. Bio-oxidation of ferrous Compound C purchase iron may be an alternative method of producing ferric sulfate, which is a reagent used for removal of H(2)S from biogas, tail gas and in the pulp and paper industry. For practical use of this process, this

study evaluated the optimal pH and initial ferric concentration. pH control looks like a key factor as it acts SB203580 inhibitor both on growth rate and on solubility of materials in the system.

RESULTS: Process variables such as pH and amount of initial ferrous ions on oxidation by A. ferrooxidans and the effects of process variables dilution rate, initial concentrations of ferrous on oxidation of ferrous sulfate in the packed bed bioreactor were investigated. The optimum range of pH for the maximum growth of cells and effective bio-oxidation of ferrous sulfate varied from 1.4 to 1.8. The maximum bio-oxidation rate achieved was 0.3 g L(-1) h(-1) in a culture initially containing 19.5 selleck kinase inhibitor g L(-1) Fe(2+) in the batch system. A maximum Fe(2+) oxidation rate of 6.7 g L(-1) h(-1) was achieved at the dilution rate of 2 h(-1), while no obvious precipitate was detected in the bioreactor. All experiments were carried out in shake flasks at

30 degrees C.

CONCLUSION: The monolithic particles investigated in this study were found to be very suitable material for A. ferrooxidans immobilization for ferrous oxidation mainly because of its advantages over other commonly used substrates. In the monolithic bioreactor, the bio-oxidation rate was 6.7 g L(-1) h(-1) and 7 g L(-1) h(-1) for 3.5 g L(-1) and 6 g L(-1) of initial ferrous concentration, respectively. For higher initial concentrations 16 g L(-1) and 21.3 g L(-1), bio-oxidation rate were 0.9 g L(-1) h(-1) and 0.55 g L(-1) h(-1), respectively. (c) 2008 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Background: To evaluate the feasibility and additional diagnostic benefit of a high-resolution steady state 3D-volume interpolated breath-hold exam (VIBE) sequence between a continuous table movement (CTM) MR angiography of the entire runoff vasculature and a time-resolved (TWIST) MRA of the calves.

Methods: In this retrospective IRB approved study 224 patients (72 women, 152 men, mean age 67.29 +/- 13.

METHODS Twenty individuals underwent five weekly full-facial treatments using a QSNY laser at 1,064 nm. Another 20 individuals underwent five weekly facial acne treatments by extraction of comedones, and intralesional injections into severely click here inflamed papules were performed at each

treatment session. Clinical assessment scores were determined 1 and 3 months after the last treatment.

RESULTS QSNY laser treatments at 1,064 nm were found to be effective at treating PIH and have an additional effect on concomitant acne lesions.”
“The flower volatile compounds (FVCs) of two tetraploid Freesia hybrida (pink-yellow and yellow) cultivars and their cut flowers were analysed by headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatographymass spectrometry. Twelve FVCs were identified in the pink-yellow cultivar, with linalool as the major compound; 30 FVCs INCB018424 were identified in the yellow cultivar, with linalool and terpineol as the two major compounds. The FVCs (>1%) of the two cut flower cultivars were very similar to that of the un-cut flowers, and no significant difference was observed.”
“BACKGROUND Wrinkle formation usually accompanies skin aging. Periorbital wrinkles in particular are an early

sign of skin aging. Therefore, several modalities have been developed to treat periorbital wrinkles, including topical applications, surgical techniques, and laser resurfacing. The 2,790-nm yttrium scandium gallium garnet (YSGG) laser has been increasing in popularity recently, but there have been no investigations into the use of a 2,790-nm YSGG laser for the treatment of periorbital

wrinkles.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a CHIR98014 in vitro 2,790-nm YSGG laser for treating periorbital wrinkles.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten Korean patients (Fitzpatrick skin type II-V) with periorbital wrinkles were enrolled in this study. They were treated two times with a 4-week interval using a 2,790-nm YSGG laser. The treatment parameters were an average 2-J/cm(2) fluence, 6-mm spot size, and 0.3-ms pulse width. Treatment consisted of two to three passes of the laser with 20% overlap until a clinical end point of mild erythema was observed. Patients were examined 1 week after each treatment and 3 months after the last treatment. Two independent, blinded dermatologists evaluated clinical improvement using the Fitzpatrick Wrinkle Classification System (FWCS) by comparing digital photographs taken before treatment (baseline) and 3 months after the last treatment. Efficacy was assessed by subtracting the baseline score from the score at 3 months after the last treatment (wrinkle improvement < 0; no change = 0; worsening > 0). At each visit, the patients were also evaluated for any side effects. At the end of the study, the patients documented their degree of satisfaction on a scale of very satisfied, satisfied, slightly satisfied, and unsatisfied.

Histopathologic examination showed inflammatory cell infiltration in exocrine pancreatic tissue and vascular congestion in the islets of Langerhans.

Conclusion: IAH causes an increase in glucagon levels and a decrease in insulin levels. These changes may be due to both the direct effects of IAH and the indirect effects of other organs that are affected by IAH.”
“Acute toxicity of seven naphthoquinones was tested against adults of the house fly (Musca domestica),

of which plumbagin was the only one to show sufficient acute toxicity (LD50 = 21 and 18 mu g for females and males, respectively). The efficacy of sublethal doses (LD30) was determined for plumbagin. Sublethal doses of plumbagin caused significant reductions in the longevity, fecundity and fertility of M. domestica. C188-9 datasheet The treated females oviposited 22.1-30.5

eggs/female on average, while in the variant where treated males coupled with untreated females, the mean number of eggs was 129.3 eggs/female, thus significantly less compared to the control of 224.8 eggs/female. A significantly lower hatching capacity of the larvae (50%) was found in eggs oviposited by treated females compared to the control, where 99% of the larvae hatched.

The larvae selleck products that did hatch showed reduced vitality compared to the control larvae, manifested by higher mortality during their development and significantly this website lower natality, which ranged between 44.1 and 57.3% in all treated variants, whereas the natality of the control larvae achieved 76%. Of the tested naphthoquinones, plumbagin exhibits a potential for the development of new botanical insecticides against the house fly. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“With the aging of the population in developed countries, spine surgeons have recently been more likely to encounter elderly patients in need of treatment. This study investigated whether decompression surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) in elderly patients aged 80 years or older would likely be a reasonable treatment. We retrospectively

reviewed 605 consecutive patients with cervical myelopathy who underwent decompression surgery between 2004 and 2008. Patients with other conditions that could affect functional status or compression factors other than spondylosis were excluded from this study. Of the remaining 189 patients, 161 with CSM whose condition could be evaluated 6 months after surgery were analyzed. The patients were divided into two age groups: 80 years or older (Group A, 37 patients) and younger than 80 years of age (Group B, 124 patients). We evaluated the differences in symptom duration, clinical data, involved levels, surgical outcome, comorbidities, and postoperative complications between the two groups. The symptom duration was significantly shorter in Group A.

We could not find any significant difference

in virulence between strains with unique genotypes and those in clusters.”
“To determine Korean mistletoe lectin (KML-C) functions as a mucosal selleck products adjuvant, we monitored its ability to modulate the immune response after intranasal immunization with hemagglutinin (HA) as an antigen. Mucosal and systemic immune responses with KML-C were compared to responses with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) as an adjuvant. Intranasal co-administration of HA and KML-C in mice resulted in increased anti-HA antibody titers in both vaginal wash and serum. Isotyping analysis revealed that KML-C augmented HA-specific antibody titers of IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b isotypes. More than 5-fold of interleukin 2 (IL-2), 3-fold of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and 4-fold of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) mRNA were detected using real time PCR in splenocytes of mice immunized with HA plus KML-C. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis indicated that co-administration of KML-C increased

the subpopulation of HSP990 CD3/CD8 double positive T cells (16.4%) than control (10%). Taken together, these data demonstrate that KML-C has the ability to serve as a mucosal adjuvant.”
“Current generation of cobalt-oxide-based perpendicular magnetic recording media uses single or dual ruthenium intermediate layers in order to grow crystallographically textured, and magnetically isolated granular media. In this work, the potential

advantages of an antiferromagnetic iridium-manganese intermediate layer directly under the recording www.sellecn.cn/products/pf-06463922.html layer are highlighted. Owing to its close lattice matching with hexagonal cobalt, iridium-manganese which has the L1(2), or AuCu(3)-type crystal structure, can support the heteroepitaxial growth of the cobalt-based recording layer. In one of the media schemes described here, (111) textured iridium-manganese thin film was grown on 7.5 nm thick ruthenium layer. On the iridium-manganese as segregation layer, the Co-oxide-based magnetic recording layer showed perpendicular texture with Delta theta(50) below 4 degrees, coercivity of over 4000 Oe alongside magnetic exchange decoupling, average grain sizes of 6 nm with distributions under 14%, and improved thermal stability. Measurements of the anisotropy constant did not show any significant change and even an IrMn capping layer was observed to improve the thermal stability. The possible mechanisms through which the IrMn layer could affect the thermal stability are hypothesized. The initial layers of the magnetic recording layer on IrMn segregation layers also showed exchange-decoupled and segregated grains, which is unlike that observed on Ru segregation layers. In a second media scheme, (111) textured iridium- manganese thin film was grown on a crystalline soft magnetic underlayer belonging on top of amorphous soft underlayers.

Material and methods: Forty-one patients scheduled for elective, isolated cardiac revascularization (21 on-pump and 20 off-pump)

were prospectively analyzed. Patients were matched for demographic (age and gender), anthropometric (BMI), clinical (co-morbidities, EuroScore) and laboratory variables (blood counts, renal function, left ventricular function). Transesophageal echocardiography was performed after induction of anesthesia, find more protamine sulfate administration, and chest closure. Left ventricular wall motion score index, end-diastolic area, fractional area change, right ventricular area change and end-diastolic area were assessed. Troponin I and C-reactive protein concentrations were measured.

Results: Regarding echocardiographic parameters of left and right ventricular function no significant differences between on-pump and off-pump groups at any point-of-time measurements were found. eFT508 nmr Troponin I and C-reactive protein were higher in on-pump as compared to off-pump group (p=0.001 and p=0.002; p=0.003 and p=0.001, respectively).

Conclusions: In elective patients scheduled for cardiac revascularization

there were no difference in cardiac performance assessed by intraoperative echocardiography regardless of surgical method used.”
“Case Description-3 sets of monozygotic twins resulting from transfers of single embryos to recipient mares were examined.

Clinical Findings-In all 3 recipient mares with twin pregnancies, only 1 embryonic vesicle was detected before day 25 of gestation. In 1 recipient mare, 2 apparent adjacent vesicles, each containing an embryo with a heartbeat, were visualized on ultrasonographic examination on

day 37 of gestation. The other 2 recipient mares underwent ultrasonographic examination Rapamycin on day 30 of gestation, at which time only 1 vesicle and embryo was identified. In these latter 2 recipient mares, however, a thorough ultrasonographic examination for a second conceptus on day 30 had not been performed, as only 1 embryo had been transferred and visualized on early ultrasonographic examination.

Treatment and Outcome-All twin pregnancies resulted in death of both fetuses. Genetic analysis confirmed that each set of monozygotic twins originated from the transferred embryo.

Clinical Relevance-Monozygotic twin pregnancy may occur after embryo transfer; thus recipient mares should be examined thoroughly for multiple conceptuses, especially between 25 and 30 days of gestation. At this time, the allantoides of monozygotic twins should be visible ultrasonographically and effective management may still be possible. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011;238:1040-1043)”
“The trapping of charge carriers and the mechanism of the charge transfer were examined in metal-oxide-semiconductor structures with germanium nanocrystals embedded in a 20 nm silicondioxide layer.

All the cattle were removed, as opposed to the co-existing goats, who remained in the farm and were not subsequently tested by the official intradermal tuberculin test. At the beginning of May 2006, a 7-day old calf was introduced into the herd from an officially TB-free (OTF) farm. On October 2006, tuberculous lesions were detected at the slaughterhouse in the same animal. The following epidemiological investigation on the herd highlighted a clinical suspicion

of TB in one goat out of 35, and visible lesions were found at necropsy in the respiratory and intestinal tracts. Bacteriological culture and molecular I-BET151 tests confirmed the presence of M. bovis in both animals. Spoligotyping and Mycobacterial Interspersed Vorasidenib Repetitive Units – Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (MIRU-VNTR) showed the same genomic profile of the previous breakdown occurred in 2005. Since this profile has never

been described in Italy, these findings suggest the probable transmission of TB within the farm among cattle and goats.

The remaining 34 goats were also tested by single intradermal cervical comparative tuberculin (SICCT) test, Interferon (IFN)-gamma assay and ELISA for antibody to M. bovis. The SICCT test and the IFN-gamma showed a good concordance with 20 and 19 positive reactors, respectively. By ELISA we found 12 Ab-positive animals, seven of which had not been detected by the tests for cell-mediated immunity. Finally, 15 goats were found positive for gross lesions at necropsy.

The in vivo tests revealed a total of 27 positive animals out of 35, which highlights the usefulness of the serology in

parallel with SICCT and IFN-gamma when an advanced stage of infection is suspected. Moreover, our results confirm the necessity for adopting the official tuberculin test on goats co-existing with cattle. (c) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“Background: Various environmental Ralimetinib MAPK inhibitor stimuli, e.g., mechanical stress, osmolarity change, oxidative stress, and microbial products trigger ATP release from cells. It is well known that ATP regulates cell growth, differentiation, terminal differentiation, and cell-to-cell communication in keratinocytes. Moreover, extracellular ATP stimulates the expression and release of IL-6 and modulates the production several chemokines by keratinocytes.

Objective: To investigate the role of ATP-stimulated keratinocytes in skin inflammation and immune response.

Methods: We identified genes whose expression is augmented in ATP-stimulated human keratinocytes by DNA microarray. These microarray data were validated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, we confirmed the observed mRNA change at protein level by ELISA and Western blotting.

Results: The statistical analysis of the microarray data revealed that, besides IL-6, the expression of several novel genes such as IL-20. CXCL1-3, and ATF3 was significantly augmented in ATP-stimulated keratinocytes.

0%), chemotherapy (19.0%), radiotherapy (17.5%), surgery (27.9%).

Conclusions: The single center study of female lung cancer diagnosed during 1996-2005 in Lithuania show a significantly better chance of survival in resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Advanced stages of the disease INCB018424 chemical structure at the time of diagnosis and choice of treatment options of female lung cancer in the country still remains an issue.”
“This study was undertaken to examine the impact that prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease

(CHD) has on birth and early neonatal outcomes. The prevalence of prenatally diagnosed CHD has risen over the past decade, but the effect that prenatal diagnosis of CHD has on peripartum decisions remains unclear. No consensus exists on the effect of prenatal diagnosis on neonatal outcomes. Between January 2004 and July 2009, a retrospective chart review of all neonates with CHD admitted to our institution’s neonatal intensive care unit was conducted. Obstetric and postnatal variables were collected.

Among the 993 subjects, 678 (68.3 %) had a prenatal diagnosis. A prenatal diagnosis increased the odds of a scheduled delivery [odds ratio (OR) 4.1, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 3.0-5.6] and induction of labor (OR 11.5, 95 % CI 6.6-20.1). Prenatal diagnosis was not significantly associated with cesarean delivery when control was used for maternal age, multiple gestation, and presence ACP-196 price of extracardiac anomaly. Mean gestational age had no impact on prenatal diagnosis, but prenatal diagnosis was associated with increased odds of delivery before a gestational age of 39 weeks (OR 1.5, 95 % CI 1.1-1.9) and decreased odds of preoperative intubation (OR 0.5, 95 % CI 0.3-0.6). Prenatal diagnosis did not have an impact on preoperative or predischarge mortality. Prenatal diagnosis Selleck Wnt inhibitor was associated with increased odds of a scheduled delivery, birth before a gestational age of 39 weeks, and a decreased need for invasive respiratory support. Prenatal diagnosis of CHD was not associated with preoperative or predischarge mortality.”
“Purpose: Chlorella vulgaris (CV), a fresh water alga has been reported

to have hypoglycemic effects. However, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of CV in diabetic animals have not been investigated to date. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of CV in inflammation and oxidative damage in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Materials and methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (300 – 400g) were divided into 4 groups: control, CV, STZ-induced diabetic rats, and STZ rats treated with CV (150mg/kg body wt). Blood samples were drawn from orbital sinus at 1 and 4 weeks for determination of oxidative cellular damage (DNA damage and lipid peroxidation [malondialdehyde, MDA]), inflammation (tumour necrosis factor alpha, TNF-alpha) and antioxidant status (catalase, CAT, and superoxide dismutase, SOD).

These circulating precursors are attracted to bone surfaces undergoing resorption by chemokines and other factors expressed at these sites, where they fuse to form multinucleated bone-resorbing cells. All aspects of osteoclast formation and functions are regulated by macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL), cytokines essential for osteoclast formation and expressed by a variety of cell types, including osteoblast lineage cells. Since the discovery of RANKL

in the mid-1990s, mouse genetic and molecular studies have revealed SRT1720 numerous signaling pathways activated by RANKL and M-CSF. More recent studies indicate that osteoclasts and their precursors regulate immune responses and osteoblast formation and functions by means of direct cell-cell contact through ligands and receptors, such as ephrins and Ephs, and semaphorins and plexins, and through expression of clastokines. There

https://www.selleckchem.com/products/AC-220.html is also growing recognition that osteoclasts are immune cells with roles in immune responses beyond mediating the bone destruction that can accompany them. This article reviews recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating osteoclast formation and functions and their interactions with other cells in normal and pathologic states.”
“Introduction In most patients, gastric cancer is diagnosed in advanced stage. Curative treatment options are limited and the mortality is high. The process of gastric carcinogenesis is triggered by Helicobacter pylori-driven gastritis and

is further characterized by its complexity of interaction with other risk factors. Health care systems are challenged for the improvement of prevention, early diagnosis, FDA approved Drug Library high throughput and effective treatments.

Methods An extensive literature research has been performed to elucidate the interplay between etiological factors involved in gastric carcinogenesis.

Results H. pylori is the most important carcinogen for gastric adenocarcinoma. Evidence is provided by experiments including animal studies as well as clinical observational and interventional studies in humans. Eradication has the potential to prevent gastric cancer and offers the greatest benefit if performed before premalignant changes of the gastric mucosa have occurred. Bacterial virulence factors are essential players in modulating the immune response involved in the initiation of the carcinogenesis in the stomach. Host genetic factors contribute to the regulation of the inflammatory response and in the aggravation of mucosal damage. The harmful role of environmental factors is restricted to salt intake and smoking of tobacco. The ingestion of fruit and vegetables has some protective effect.

Conclusion Infection with H.

After an unsuccessful fresh cycle, oocytes were warmed and inseminated with ICSI. Embryological parameters were recorded and compared between fresh and sibling vitrified oocytes (intrapatient) as well as between the two vitrification techniques (interpatient). Oocytes vitrified with the ‘closed’ system showed significantly lower fertilization and cleavage rates and a reduction in the quantity and quality of obtained embryos compared with fresh Autophagy inhibitor nmr sibling oocytes (P < 0.001). On the contrary, the

same parameters were similar between fresh and sibling oocytes vitrified using the ‘open’ system. The retrospective comparison between the two vitrification protocols also showed a significant increase in clinical pregnancy rate and a reduced proportion

of cancelled cycles using the ‘open’ system (P < 0.01). (C) 2010, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A 28-year-old patient presented for preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) for family balancing utilizing previously vitrified blastocysts RSL3 ic50 and day-2 embryos. To synchronize endometrial development with the embryos to be transferred, five embryos vitrified on day 2 were warmed 3 days prior to scheduled transfer. Three of them developed to 8-, 8- and 7-cell stages, respectively, and were biopsied the next day, during which three vitrified blastocysts were warmed and the two surviving blastocysts underwent trophectoderm biopsy. The five biopsied embryos were subjected to two-probe fluorescence in-situ hybridization for Pinometostat inhibitor chromosomes X and Y. As there were still 2 days before the scheduled embryo transfer following biopsy, the two biopsied blastocysts were revitrified. One blastocyst and two of the embryos vitrified on day 2 were normal for sex chromosomes; of these, one of the day-2 vitrified embryos was arrested and the other did not favour the patient’s wish. The re-vitrified blastocyst, which was normal for sex chromosomes,

was therefore warmed and transferred, resulting in delivery of one healthy boy. As far as is known, this is the first-reported live birth developed from a re-vitrified blastocyst that had been previously vitrified, warmed and undergone trophectoderm biopsy. (C) 2010, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Respiratory viruses are an important yet underestimated cause of infectious morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised children and adolescents. Here, we report the occurrence of fatal lower respiratory tract disease associated with human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection in a 10-year-old girl with chronic graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for secondary chronic myeloid leukemia. Symptoms occurred 8months after HSCT while on immunosuppression with 0.