05). A trend toward more severe bacterial infections was seen in the RPI group compared with the other groups, and fungal infections developed only in the RPI group. After anti-rejection therapy, a significantly higher rate of infection developed in the RPI group than in the other groups (P<0.05). In addition, the RPI group was

an independent risk factor for the development of infection.

ConclusionOur results show that in the setting of basiliximab induction, the use of combined RTX and PP therapy pre-transplant GSK461364 significantly increases the risk for post-transplant infection.”
“Although the second biggest terrestrial group of plants, bryophytes remain poorly known chemically compared to the angiosperms. In this article, the sugars of the moss Rhodobryum ontariense, an unstudied representative of the medicinally known genus, are reported. The chemical analysis revealed the usual plant sugar sucrose, and a new sugar, fructooligosaccharide 1-kestose, which is reported first not only for the genus Rhodobryum, but also for mosses. The trisaccharides GW2580 ic50 have been scantily reported in bryophytes hitherto. This gives more significance to this study for further investigation of its role in the moss species. The health-promoting effect of 1-kestose is also briefly discussed.”
“Capsicum

annuum L. (family: Solanaceae) possesses therapeutic benefits for the treatment of rheumatism, neuropathy, psoriasis, flatulence and so on. In this study fruits of four different varieties of C. annuum from four different geographical regions in India were evaluated based on their total content of capsaicin. Ethanol extracts of the fruits were used. HPTLC plates were developed in a mobile phase containing benzene, ethyl

acetate and methanol (75 : 20 : 5). Densitometric scanning was performed at a wavelength of 283 nm in the absorbance mode. The calibration curve was described by the equation Y=393.587+3.836*X with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.99890. The content of capsaicin in Nagaland, Manipur, West Bengal and Shimla varieties was found check details to be 3.71%, 1.78%, 0.54% and 0.06%, respectively. The developed densitometric method was found to be specific, accurate and precise. A recovery study and precision showed low levels of %RSD values. The linearity range of the curve for capsaicin was found to be 300-900 ng per spot. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification values were determined to be 31 and 94 ng, respectively, proving the sensitivity of the method. Thus the method can be used to control the total content of capsaicin on an industrial scale.”
“The classic triad of symptoms seen in chronic mesenteric ischaemia is post-prandial pain, sitophobia (fear of food) and progressive weight loss.

04) and frequency (P=0.01) of intake were significant. However, association with black tea, oolong tea and coffee consumption was not evident. Conclusions: The findings suggested an inverse association between urinary incontinence and habitual green tea consumption in middle-aged and older women. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:1262-1265, 2011. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.”
“Background

and Purpose: Over the last 50 years, chemolysis as a primary or adjuvant treatment for urinary stones has fallen in and out of favor. We review the literature for a historical perspective on the origins and chronology of Renacidin therapy, focusing PCI-34051 on landmark studies and impracticalities that have seemingly condemned it to history.

Materials and Methods: A MEDLINE search was performed on the topic of chemolysis of urinary calculi. Historical literature was reviewed with regard to stone composition, treatment modalities, outcomes, and complications.

Results: A total of 61 articles were reviewed, 40 of which were case series, VX-765 Apoptosis inhibitor representing a total of 817 patients studied. Mulvaney first introduced Renacidin in 1959 as a modification of Suby and Albright’s 1943 solution. Because of an overabundance of nonstandardized

irrigation protocols, six deaths were reported in the early 1960s resulting in a Food and Drug Administration ban on the practice of upper urinary tract stone dissolution. Over time, Renacidin returned to the urologist’s arsenal, appearing first as an adjunct to dissolve catheter and bladder calculi and later (1990) as an approved agent for renal pelvis and ureter use. This feat was almost single-handedly the result of a successful hemiacidrin case series published in 1971 by Nemoy and Stamey. By using daily urine cultures, prophylactic antibiotics, and meticulous

intrarenal pressure monitoring, Nemoy and Stamey virtually eliminated all major irrigation complications, paving the way for a flurry of studies. More importantly, they established the link between AZD1152 supplier residual struvite stones, persistent infection, and recurrent staghorn stone formation.

Conclusions: Dissolution of urinary calculi by chemolysis has been shown to be safe and effective if performed with sterile urine cultures, prophylactic antibiotics, and low intrapelvic pressures. The pioneers of this therapy are remembered for their attempts to develop an alternative to open surgery, and, in the process, solidified the “”stone-free”" concept for infection-based stones.”
“Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence and risk factors of in-hospital small bowel obstruction (SBO) after exploratory laparotomy for trauma.

Methods: A retrospective review of patients surviving over 72 hours after an exploratory laparotomy for trauma. Patients with intestinal obstructive symptoms were reviewed by a consensus panel, which evaluated the clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings to validate the diagnosis of SBO.

Methods: A transition state model based on disease severity was developed that compared the evolution of antiretroviral and non-antiretroviral-related direct costs of care in the target population over 3 years (2007-2009) under two scenarios: (1) darunavir enters the French market in year 1; (2) darunavir is not available to the target population during 2007-2009. Model inputs were derived from a targeted analysis of the French hospital database Q-VD-Oph in HIV, the darunavir POWER 1 and 2 trials and other relevant clinical studies.

Results: In the scenario where darunavir

was available from year 1, the proportion of patients in the lower, more costly CD4 cell count strata (<= 100 cells per mm(3)) was consistently lower than in the scenario without darunavir in each year of the model (17.0% vs 19.2%, 13.9% vs 18.3% and 10.8% vs 16.8% for years 1, 2 and 3, respectively). As a result, over the entire 3-year period, the net increase of antiretroviral drug costs

(+5.6 million Euros; (sic)), resulting from the substitution of older, cheaper PIs by darunavir, is expected to be fully compensated by savings in hospitalization costs ((sic)-9.7 million) and expenditures for other HIV-related (non-antiretroviral) medications ((sic)-7.3 million), leading to a net saving of (sic)11.4 million or 2.9% of the total budget in the scenario without darunavir. selleck chemical BMS202 chemical structure Various sensitivity analyses confirmed these projected savings.

Conclusion: The use of darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) 600/100 mg bid, in combination with other antiretroviral agents, in highly pre-treated, HIV-infected adults who have failed one or more PI-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen is not expected to increase the budget of the French healthcare system, in comparison with a scenario without darunavir.

Further research is needed to estimate the budget impact of the use of DRV/r in less treatment-experienced, HIV-infected individuals in France.”
“Background: The course of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) leading to heart failure in children varies; survival with conventional treatment is 64% at 5 years. Heart transplantation (HTx) enables improved survival; however, outcomes from listing for transplant are not well described. This study reports survival of patients with DCM from listing with the availability of mechanical bridge to transplant.

Methods: Patients with a primary diagnosis of DCM (n = 1,098) were identified from a multi-institutional, prospective, registry of patients aged < 18 years listed for HTx from January 1, 1993, to December 31, 2006.

Results: Characteristics of DCM patients at listing included a mean age of 7.

Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Background: International guidelines suggest that trainees should perform at least 100 flexible bronchoscopies in a supervised setting, but this number is not evidence based. An objective assessment method could provide educational feedback to trainees and help supervisors decide when basic competency is established. No former assessment instrument has been able to distinguish between trainees and experts. selleck chemical Objectives:

The aim of this study was to explore the validity and reliability of a new assessment procedure relating to testing operators across multiple tasks with increasing difficulty using a standardized scoring form. Methods: The test was administered on a virtual reality bronchoscopy simulator to a total of 42 test subjects (14 senior consultants, 14 trainees and 14 medical students). The inter-rater reliability of the test procedure was explored according to examination of test results from 10 subjects using 3 raters (2 blinded). Results: We found a high inter-rater reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.90). The assessment procedure sufficiently differentiated the performance of the 3 groups (p < 0.001). Assessment of 6 procedures was necessary to secure a generalizability coefficient >0.80.

Conclusions: The new assessment procedure proved both valid and reliable. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Background: The lung is one Selleckchem CX-6258 of the sites of granulomatous responses, which are characterized by the recruitment and organization of activated macrophages and lymphocytes. There Epigenetics inhibitor have been several reports that have shown that some pulmonary granulomatous diseases, such as sarcoidosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial disease, are

likely to be characterized by a preponderance in postmenopausal females. Although sex hormones have been shown to play an important role in the regulation of the immune system, the influence of sex hormones on pulmonary granuloma formation is still unclear. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess whether sex hormones are involved in granulomatous inflammation and to evaluate how sex hormones modulate this response in the lung. Methods: Ovariectomized rats were used as an experimental postmenopausal model in which chronic pulmonary granulomatous inflammation was induced by intravenous injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant. Results: Histological analysis of lung tissues demonstrated enhancement of granuloma formation in the ovariectomized group. Such enhanced granuloma formation was significantly associated with generalized Th1-biased cytokine production in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Conclusion: These results indicate that sex hormones play an important role in pulmonary granuloma formation by altering the Th1 responses. Copyright (C) 2011 S.

However, more research will be needed to determine the potential clinical relevance of those findings for linezolid. (Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2012;73:86-102) (C) 2012 Elsevier

HS Journals, Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Disseminated tuberculosis in HIV infection involves multiple organs. Pulmonary and lymph node involvement are the commonest form of tuberculosis in HIV infection [1, 2]. Other forms of tuberculosis in the absence of lung and lymph node involvement are rare. Various forms of abdominal [3, 4] and neurological [5, 6] tubercular involvement in HIV infection have been reported. But tuberculosis presenting simultaneously with mesenteric and brain abscess has not been reported yet. We report a case of disseminated tuberculosis presenting as mesenteric and cerebral abscess in a HIV case without PR-171 concentration involving lung and lymph nodes. Bone marrow smears and fine needle aspiration cytology MK-2206 mouse (FNAC) from mesenteric lesion were positive for acid fast bacilli (AFB) and the diagnosis of tuberculosis was confirmed by positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR). He responded well to treatment with anti tubercular drugs.”
“ObjectiveThe purposes of this study were to isolate and characterize stem cells from inflamed pulp tissue of

human functional deciduous teeth (iSHFD) and to evaluate the influence of fibroblastic growth factor-2 (FGF-2) on the regenerative potential.

Materials and methodsWe successfully isolated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the inflamed

dental pulp tissue of human deciduous teeth and demonstrated that their regenerative potential could be enhanced by the application of FGF-2 (20ngml(-1)) during ex vivo expansion. Isolated stem cells expanded in FGF-2 were characterized using a colony-forming assay, proliferation, migration, in vitro differentiation, in vivo ectopic transplantation assay, and gene expression profiling.

ResultsMSCs ISRIB in vitro isolated from the inflamed pulp tissue of functional deciduous teeth potentially possess the qualities of those from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. FGF-2 applied to iSHFD during expansion enhanced the colony-forming efficiency of these cells, increased their proliferation and migration potential, and reduced their differentiation potential in vitro. However, the ectopic transplantation of iSHFD/FGF-2 in vivo increased the formation of dentin-like material.

ConclusionFGF-2 expansion of stem cells from inflamed pulp tissues of human deciduous teeth can be a good source of stem cells for future clinical applications and a novel way of using discarded inflamed tissues.”
“3-Aroylpyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-1,2,4(5H)-triones reacted with 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-methylidene-2,3-dihydro-1H-indole (Fischer’s base) to give (2Z)-1-aryl-2-[3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-ylidene]-5-(1,3,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-ylidene)pentane-1,3,4-triones.

A BCL was placed post-debridement in all patients. Data were analyzed for sex, age, breed, duration of clinical signs prior to DBD; number of debridements required before healing was achieved; contact find more lens retention, complications attributed to DBD, and additional surgical interventions were required

to achieve healing. Results The median time to first recheck examination was 7days (IQR 79days) with 28/40 (70%) of cases healed at this examination. The mean time to second recheck examination was 15.5 +/- 5.5days with 37/40 (92.5%) healed by this examination. The median time to final recheck examination was 19days (IQR 1835.5days) with a range of 1852days. All cases resolved by the third and final recheck examination. A second DBD/BCL was performed in 5/40 (12.5%) of cases. The BCL retention rate was 95% over all examination time points. No case required a keratectomy or other surgical intervention to achieve healing. The only complication observed was one case of suspected bacterial keratitis post-DBD/BCL. Conclusions Results suggest that DBD/BCL is safe and effective for treatment of canine SCCED.”
“OBJECTIVES: The pool of potential candidates for pleural empyema is expanding. In a previous technical

report, we tested the feasibility of the minimally invasive insertion of a vacuum-assisted closure (Mini-VAC) system without the insertion of an Selleckchem GNS-1480 open-window thoracostomy (OWT). In this study, we describe a consecutive case series of complex pleural empyemas that were managed by this Mini-VAC therapy.

METHODS: In this retrospective study, we investigated 6 patients with multimorbidity (Karnofsky index <= 50%) who were

consecutively treated with Mini-VAC for a primary, postoperative or recurrent pleural empyema BAY 11-7082 between January 2011 and February 2012.

RESULTS: Local control of the infection and control of sepsis were satisfactory in all 6 of the patients treated by Mini-VAC therapy. The suction used did not create any air leaks or bleeding from the lung or mediastinal structures. Mini-VAC therapy allowed a reduction of the empyema cavity and improved the re-expansion of the residual lung. Mini-VAC therapy resulted in a rapid eradication of the empyema. The chest wall was closed in all patients during the first hospital stay. All patients left the hospital in good health (Karnofsky index > 70%) and with a non-infected pleural cavity at a mean of 22 +/- 11 days after Mini-VAC installation. Pleural empyema was not detected in any of the 6 patients at the 3-month follow-up appointment.

CONCLUSIONS: The Mini-VAC procedure with the abdication of an OWT offers a rapid treatment for complex pleural empyema with minimal surgical effort and the opportunity for a primary closure of the empyema cavity.

26 eV/H-2, which is acceptable for reversible

H-2 adsorption/desorption near ambient temperature. Moreover, the findings also show that the storage capacity of the Li and Ca co-decorated g-CN can reach up to 9.17wt %, presenting a good potential as hydrogen storage material. Regarding the H-2 adsorption mechanism, it is demonstrated that the Li adatoms become positively charged through charge Ulixertinib research buy transferring to g-CN and then bind hydrogen molecules via the polarization mechanism. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/ 1.3656454]“
“Human tail refers to a congenital cutaneous appendix protruding from the lumbosacral region. It is usually associated with an underlying spina bifida occulta, a form of spinal dysraphism. A contiguous fibrolipoma can sometimes be seen extending from the subcutaneous portion

of the tail into the inferior spinal cord, resulting in tethered cord syndrome. Management of such lesions includes complete neurologic examination and magnetic resonance imaging. Early diagnosis and microsurgical intervention can prevent development or progression of severe neurologic defects in later life.”
“Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is secreted from neurons within the hypothalamus and is necessary for reproductive function in all vertebrates. GnRH is also found in organs outside of the brain and plays an important role in Leydig cell steroidogenesis in the testis. However, the signalling pathways mediating this function remain largely unknown. Kinase Inhibitor high throughput screening In this study, we investigated whether components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are involved in GnRH agonist (GnRHa)-induced testis steroidogenesis in rat Leydig cells. Primary cultures of rat Leydig cells were established. The expression of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD) and the production of testosterone in response to GnRHa were examined at different doses and for different durations by RT-PCR, Western blot analysis and radioimmunoassay (RIA). The effects of GnRHa

on ERK1/2, JNK and p38 kinase activation were also investigated in the presence or absence of the MAPK inhibitor click here PD-98059 by Western blot analysis. GnRHa induced testosterone production and upregulated 3 beta-HSD expression at both the mRNA and protein levels; it also activated ERK1/2, but not JNK and p38 kinase. Although the maximum effects of GnRHa were observed at a concentration of 100 nmnol L(-1) after 24 h, activation of ERK1/2 by GnRHa reached peak at 5 min and it returned to the basal level within 60 min. PD-98059 completely blocked the activation of ERK1/2, the upregulation of 3 beta-HSD and testosterone production. Our data show that GnRH positively regulates steroidogenesis via ERK signalling in rat Leydig cells. ERK1/2 activation by GnRH may be responsible for the induction of 3 beta-HSD gene expression and enzyme production, which may ultimately modulate steroidogenesis in rat Leydig cells.

71 (95% CI = 1.81-7.62, P < 0.001) that of comparison subjects.

Conclusions

This study

provides epidemiological evidence of a link between OSA and a subsequent BPS/IC diagnosis. We suggest that clinical practitioners treating subjects with OSA be alert to urinary complaints in this population. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:278-282, 2014. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“Objectives: To investigate cancer patients’ desire for psychological support and to identify patients’ sociodemographic, disease-related and psychological factors associated with this desire.

Methods: The study is part of a multicenter, cross-sectional study assessing cancer patients’ needs and desire for psychological support. Patients Pitavastatin ic50 completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Ways of Coping Checklist, ABT737 the Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System and reported their desire for psychological support.

Results: Among the 381 included patients, women (26%) desired psychological support significantly more often than men (11%) (p < 0.001). Patients’ desire for psychological support was associated with being younger (OR = 0.94; p < 0.001 for women and OR = 0.93; p = 0.007

for men) and having a support-seeking coping (OR = 1.10; p = 0.010 for women and OR = 1.36; p = 0.003 for men). Other contextual factors such as difficulties encountered and treatment modalities were diversely associated with women and men’s desire for psychological support. Neither women’s, nor men’s psychological distress was associated with their desire for psychological support.

Conclusions: One female cancer patient out of four and one male cancer patient out of ten desire psychological support. Results emphasize the need to screen not only for cancer patients’ distress but also for their desire for psychological support. This will

allow implementing Psychological interventions according to patients’ needs and desire. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“The second Epigenetic Reader Do inhibitor scientific workshop of the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organization (ECCO) focused on the relevance of intestinal healing for the disease course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The objective was to better understand basic mechanisms, markers for disease prediction, detection and monitoring of intestinal healing, impact of intestinal healing on the disease course of IBD as well as therapeutic strategies. The results of this workshop are presented in four separate manuscripts. This section describes basic mechanisms of intestinal healing, identifies open questions in the field and provides a framework for future studies. (C) 2011 European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Methods: NANC responses at 3 Hz were evaluated in the presence of 2-chloro-N-6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA), a selective A(1) agonist, and 2-chloro-N-6-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5′-N-methyluronamide (Cl-IB-MECA), a selective A(3) agonist, before and after the administration of 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), a selective A(1) antagonist, or 9-chloro-2-(2-furanyl)-5-((phenylacetyl) amino[1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-c]) quinazoline (MRS 1220), a selective A(3) antagonist,

respectively. For immunohistochemistry, tissues were exposed to antibodies to HuC/D, a general neuronal marker, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and A(1) or A(3) adenosine receptors and processed by indirect immunofluorescence. Results: CCPA (10 n M-3 mu M) inhibited NANC relaxations. DPCPX (10 n M) failed to antagonize the effect LGX818 Entrectinib cell line of CCPA, but inhibited per se NANC relaxations

(range 0.1-100 n M). CCPA (10 n M-10 mu M) contracted unstimulated tracheal preparations, an effect antagonized by 10 n M DPCPX, with a pK(B) value of 8.43. Cl-IB-MECA (10 n M-3 mu M) inhibited NANC relaxations through a mechanism antagonized by MRS 1220 (100 n M). A(1)- and A(3)-positive neurons containing nNOS were detected in tracheal sections. Conclusions: Enogenous adenosine may induce airway hyperresponsiveness by inhibiting NANC relaxations via A(1) and A(3) receptors. Copyright (C) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Aim: This study aimed click here to investigate the clinical value of pre-treatment leukocyte differential counts and the prediction of endometrial cancer using leukocyte markers.

Material and Methods: Medical records of 238 women with pathologically confirmed endometrial cancer between March 2000 and June 2009 at two Korean hospitals were reviewed and compared to 596 healthy people visiting the Health Promotion Center in Gangnam Severance Hospital. For all study subjects, leukocyte differential counts and CA125 levels in serum obtained prior to operation were recorded. Multiplication of neutrophil and monocyte (MNM) was determined by multiplying neutrophil and monocyte counts then

dividing by 10 000. Differences between endometrial cancer patients and healthy controls were compared. The sensitivity and specificity for each marker as well as the combined use of CA125 and other leukocyte markers were assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves.

Results: Mean white blood cell (WBC) counts were 6676 (6440-6913) cells/mu L in endometrial cancer patients compared to 5663 (5542-5784) cells/mu L in healthy controls (P < 0.001). The area under curve (AUC) for CA125 was 0.689 with a sensitivity of 49.13% and specificity of 83.1% using an optimal cut-off value of 18.7 U/mL. The AUC for MNM was 0.696 with a sensitivity of 62.9% and specificity of 69.1%. The combination of CA125 and MNM showed a higher AUC of 0.760 than use of CA125 or MNM alone.

Specifically, lifetime and current IPV were associated with lower Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast Cancer (FACT-B) (p = 0.006) and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-being Scale (FACIT-SP) (p = 0.03) scores, higher perceived stress at diagnosis (p = 0.006), and depressive symptom selleck chemical scores at diagnosis (p < 0.0001), whereas CSA was associated with lower FACT-B (p = 0.02), increased

number of co-morpid conditions (p = 0.03), and higher current stress levels (p = 0.04). Current and past IPV, as well as psychologic abuse, were associated with poorer well-being among women with a recent cancer diagnosis.

Conclusions: Our results provide evidence that both IPV and CSA negatively influence cancer-related well-being indicators. These data suggest that identification of lifetime IPV and other stressors may provide information that healthcare providers can use to best support and potentially improve the well-being of female cancer patients.”
“Background and Purpose: Oral citrate supplements have been shown to decrease kidney stone recurrence rates in both laboratory and clinical studies. The taste of the citrate supplements, however, is poor, and long-term compliance is low. Our objective was to determine if Splenda (R) added to potassium citrate (KCit) improves click here palatability without changing 24-hour

urine parameters.

Patients and Methods: 12 subjects were randomly assigned to receive either KCit alone for 3 days or KCit + Splenda in a double-blind trial. The 24-hour urine collections were performed before and after 3 days of therapy. After 1 week, the two groups switched treatments. After each treatment, a visual

analog taste scale was completed to gauge the taste and palatability. The 24-hour urine parameters of kidney stone risk factors were compared between groups. The primary end points were to determine whether Splenda improved palatability of citrate supplementation and whether it altered 24-hour urine parameters.

Results: Taste was judged to be 2.5 +/- 0.9 points better NVP-BSK805 solubility dmso in the Splenda + KCit compared with KCit alone (P = 0.02). The 24-hour Cit, K, and pH were significantly higher in the KCit and KCit + Splenda groups compared with baseline, but not significantly different from each other.

Conclusion: Splenda significantly improves the palatability of KCit therapy and does not alter the beneficial effects of KCit on 24-hour urine Cit, K, or pH. The addition of Splenda altered the average taste score from one that might prohibit compliance to one that would not.”
“To set up an immunoassay-based method to detect Bisphenol A (BPA), we generated a monoclonal antibody (MAb) using a specially designed carboxyl derivative of BPA as the immunogen. BPA-HS was synthesized by reaction using BPA and succinic anhydride. The mice were immunized with the BPA-HS-BSA conjugate. The MAb was obtained from a hybridoma. In addition, we showed that the MAb was highly specific for BPA.