Cells were obtained from follicular aspirates of 21 women

Cells were obtained from follicular aspirates of 21 women

treated with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (rFSH) plus either a GnRH agonist or a GnRH antagonist. Conventional light microscopy procedures and computerized image analysis systems were used to identify different cell type morphological patterns and to quantify different cells www.selleckchem.com/products/MGCD0103(Mocetinostat).html distribution. Two morphologically distinct granulosa cell populations, defined as large/pale and small/dark cells, were identified and a different distribution in the two groups of women under investigation was found: a significantly higher percentage in large/pale cells was detected in the agonist-treated women (P < 0.05), whereas the percentage of small/dark cells was significantly higher in the antagonist-treated group (P < 0.05). Ultrastructural observations showed the presence in both cell populations of typical hallmarks of steroidogenic cells, highlighting signs of functional activity in the large/pale cell population. Further investigations are needed to define the possible clinical significance of these morphological findings. this website (C) 2010, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: To assess whether type of suture material affects cerclage efficacy for preterm birth (PTB) prevention. Methods: Secondary analysis of a multicenter trial of ultrasound-indicated cerclage for short cervical

length (CL), in which women BMS-777607 in vivo with prior spontaneous PTB at 16-33 6/7 weeks, a singleton gestation and CL < 25 mm between 16-22 6/7 weeks, were randomized to McDonald cerclage or no cerclage. Outcomes of women who underwent cerclage were analyzed by type of suture material, comparing polyester braided thread (Mersilene (TM) or Ethibond (TM) to Mersilene tape (TM). Primary outcome was PTB < 35 weeks. Results: 138 women underwent McDonald cerclage: 84(61%) received polyester braided thread and 46 (33%) Mersilene tape (TM). Eight (6%) received monofilament suture and were excluded from analysis. Rates of PTB < 35 weeks were similar, 35% for polyester braided thread vs 24% for Mersilene tape (TM)

(p = .24). Birth gestational age was also similar among the 2 groups (p = .18). Conclusion: Type of suture material may not affect ultrasound-indicated cerclage efficacy in high-risk women with short CL, but further study is needed. Polyester braided thread (Mersilene (TM) or Ethibond (TM)) and polyester braided Mersilene tape (TM) seem to have similar efficacy.”
“This study tested in-vitro maturation (IVM) as a complementary strategy to improve the mature oocyte yield of breast cancer patients undergoing ovarian stimulation for fertility preservation. Secondary analysis of prospectively collected data is performed for 32 breast cancer patients undergoing oocyte or embryo cryopreservation before chemotherapy. Total number of oocytes and/or embryos cryopreserved following IVM is compared with the total number cryopreserved before IVM.

(C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved “
“The aim of thi

(C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate long-term outcomes of a modified high uterosacral ligament suspension (HUSLS) at vaginal hysterectomy for pelvic organ prolapse (POP).

POP was assessed 5 years postoperatively in 42 women who underwent vaginal hysterectomy and HUSLS for POP. Bladder, bowel, sexual function and quality of life (QoL) were evaluated.

Preoperatively, 27/42 women had at least BW grade 2 uterine prolapse. At a mean follow-up

period of 59.4 months (range: 40-79 months), two women had undergone surgical intervention for vault prolapse, 33 had no vault prolapse and six grade this website 1 vault prolapse. One woman declined vaginal examination. Twenty women were sexually active and 18 completed the PISQ-31. The mean total score for all domains was 91/125. On QoL assessments high scores were noted in all domains.

Modified HUSLS at vaginal hysterectomy is associated with satisfactory long-term objective and subjective outcomes, sexual function and quality of life scores.”
“Hulls obtained by pilot-scale dehulling process

from green and red lentils and yellow peas were fractionated into hulls (>500 mu m) and residues (<500 mu m). These fractions together with the corresponding whole seeds were extracted with four AG-881 solubility dmso solvents, aqueous (70%) acetone, (80%) ethanol, hot water (70-80 degrees C) and water (22

+/- 1 degrees C) and evaluated for antioxidant activity in relation to phenolic contents. Aqueous acetone (70%, v/v) extracted the highest level of total phenolics at about 87 mg of catechin equivalent per gram of sample from lentil hulls followed by hot water, water and aqueous ethanol (80%, v/v). Red lentil hull with maximum concentration of phenolic compounds exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity of 260 mg (1040 mu M) trolox equivalent/g hull. Hot water and water extracted significantly higher total phenolics from whole pulse and their residue than other solvents, but with weaker antioxidant activity. Aqueous ethanol was always the best extractant of phenolic antioxidant from yellow pea irrespective of its millstream. The most potent phenolic antioxidant was obtained from water extract of green and red lentil GSK2879552 cost hulls, followed by those extracted with ethanol, acetone, and hot water. Total phenolic content was highly correlated with antioxidant activity of pulses and its millstreams. Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This study aims to investigate the impact of the Prolift procedure on bladder function and symptoms in women with pelvic organ prolapse.

Seventy-one consecutive patients who underwent the Prolift procedure were evaluated on the subjective reporting of symptoms and objective urodynamic measurements pre- and 1 year postoperatively.

Intermediate

Intermediate CA4P research buy susceptibility to ertapenem was found in 2/41 (5%).”
“Cutaneous plasmacytomas are monoclonal proliferations of plasma cells which can be classified into primary (with no other concomitant bony or extramedullary disease) or secondary (generally associated with multiple myeloma (MM), extramedullary plasmacytoma, or plasma cell leukemia). Cutaneous plasmacytomas can appear in some patients with MM and, rarely, the skin lesions suppose the first clinical manifestation of the disease. Their development is considered as a poor prognostic sign, associated with a life expectancy of less than 12 months after diagnosis.

An unusual case of MM is described, in which the histopathological study of a skin nodule provided invaluable information for diagnosis.”
“Objectives: This analysis of the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial selleck screening library Resistance Trends (SMART) evaluated the

susceptibility patterns of Enterobacteriaceae in Latin America in 2008, with emphasis on susceptibility trends of E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Methods: Clinical isolates were recovered from intra-abdominal infections (IAI) from 23 centers in 10 Latin American countries. Isolates were sent to a central laboratory for confirmation of identification, antimicrobial susceptibility and ESBL testing, following the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: Of 1,003 Gram-negative bacilli collected from intra-abdominal infections, E. coli and K. pneumoniae were the most commonly isolated organisms, and 26.8% of E. coli and 37.7% of

K. pneumoniae were ESBL positive. Ertapenem and imipenem were the most consistently active agents tested; 99% of ESBL-positive E. coli isolates were susceptible to ertapenem and 100% to imipenem as well, and 91% of ESBL-positive K. pneumoniae were susceptible to ertapenem and 98% to imipenem. Quinolones and cephalosporins were less active, achieving 1.5% to 76% inhibition against ESBL-producing E. coli and 3.5% to 61% inhibition against K. pneumoniae. Conclusions: Local and unit-specific surveillance data is particularly important for selection of empiric therapy and in community-acquired infections as they can help the clinician with AC220 clinical trial antibiotic selection by providing guidance regarding the likely pathogens and their resistance profiles. Our data also confirm the increasing frequency with which ESBL-producing organisms are found in the community setting, with 31.4% of community-acquired and 24.9% of hospital-acquired infections found to produce ESBLs. Imipenem and ertapenem are the most active agents tested for ESBL-positive E. coli and K. pneumoniae.”
“Coma blisters are self-limited cutaneous bullae that occur in the setting of loss of consciousness because of a drug, illness, or accident, with the most common settings being barbiturate overdose and neurological disorders. The etiology behind coma blisters is poorly understood and is not related to underlying infections or autoimmune conditions.

A recent study showed that the activities of putative midbrain do

A recent study showed that the activities of putative midbrain dopamine neurons reflect this preference for observation in a way that appears to challenge the common prediction-error interpretation of these neurons. In this paper, we provide an alternative account according to which observing behavior arises

from a small, possibly Pavlovian, bias associated with the buy Selisistat operation of working memory.”
“Objective: Descriptive data characterizing the frequency of various chief complaints and presenting symptomatology in children with hyperthyroidism are lacking. Furthermore, difficulties in recognizing atypical presentations may delay diagnosis and increase morbidity.

Methods: We performed a retrospective review of the medical selleck chemicals records of 76 children with hyperthyroidism to characterize their chief complaints at initial presentation to care and document other presenting symptomatology.

Results: Cardiac symptoms were the most frequent chief complaint, accounting for 23% of presenting complaints. Major mood and behavior disturbances were also frequently present (21%), but were infrequently cited as the chief complaint (6%).

Conclusions: This study is the first to describe chief complaints separately from the other signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism noted at the time of

presentation to medical attention. Cardiac complaints were the most common; however, complaints associated with selleck inhibitor behavioral and mood disorders also occurred frequently. Clinicians should be aware of these presentations so that hyperthyroidism is diagnosed promptly to avoid morbidity associated with delayed diagnosis.”
“BACKGROUND: Transplant centers are reluctant to perform heart transplantation in patients with hepatitis

C virus (HCV) infection because augmented immunosuppression could potentially increase mortality. However, there have been few studies examining whether HCV infection reduces survival after heart transplantation.

METHODS: We used data from the the U.S. Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients to perform a multicenter cohort study evaluating the association between recipient pre-transplant HCV status and survival after heart transplantation. Adults undergoing heart transplantation between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 2007 were eligible to Participate.

RESULTS: Among 20,687 heart transplant recipients (443 HCV-positive and 20,244 HCV-negative) at 103 institutions followed for a mean of 5.6 years, mortality was higher among HCV-positive than HCV-negative recipients (177 [40%] vs 6,367 [31.5%]; p = 0.0001). After matching on propensity score, hospital and gender, the hazard ratio (HR) of death for HCV-positive heart transplant recipients was 1.32 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08 to 1.61). Mortality rates were higher among HCV-positive heart transplant recipients at 1 year (9.4% vs 8.

The fraction of isolated superparamagnetic nanoparticles present

The fraction of isolated superparamagnetic nanoparticles present in the composite was estimated from the saturation magnetization and is found to be similar to 88%. These results clearly highlight the presence of two separate magnetic phases, superparamagnetic, and ferromagnetic, and the role of various magnetic interactions in the collective magnetic behavior of Ni nanoparticles in the composite structure. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3476058]“
“Two

main approaches in exploring causal relationships in biological systems using time-series data are the application of Dynamic Causal model (DCM) and Granger Causal model (GCM). These have been extensively applied to brain imaging data and are also readily applicable SNX-5422 to a wide range of temporal changes involving genes, proteins or metabolic pathways. However, these two approaches have always been considered to be radically different from each other MG-132 mechanism and therefore used independently. Here we present a novel approach which is an extension of Granger Causal model and also shares the features of the bilinear approximation of Dynamic Causal model. We have first tested the efficacy of the extended GCM by applying it extensively in toy models in both time and frequency domains and then applied it to local field potential recording data collected from in vivo multi-electrode array experiments. We demonstrate face discrimination learning-induced changes in inter-and intra-hemispheric

connectivity and in the hemispheric predominance of theta and gamma frequency oscillations in sheep inferotemporal cortex. The results provide the first evidence for connectivity changes between and within left and right inferotemporal cortexes as a result of face recognition learning.”
“Cellular space-charge foams, which have very sensitive transducer properties and are called cellular Linsitinib supplier ferroelectrets, emerged as a kind of novel electromechanical transducer materials. In recent years, the understanding of charging is

advanced significantly. However, some fundamental theoretical aspects, as to the relation between the electromechanical behavior and their mesostructures, are still far from clear. As is well known, the transducer coefficients in the thickness direction strongly depend on the relative density of foam, which is essentially relevant to the mesostructure, such as void shape, void fraction, etc. In this article, a theoretical model based on micromechanics is proposed to estimate the overall electromechanical moduli of cellular ferroelectrets. From the viewpoint of composites, in this model, the voids with surplus charge are deemed as heterogeneous inclusions, which show piezoelectriclike effect under deformation. The matrix is the nonpolar polymer. Within the micromechanical framework for piezoelectric composites, the generalized Eshelby tensor is obtained for both isotropic and anisotropic matrix. The equivalent inclusion method is employed to treat inhomogeneities.

The behavior of P pastoris growth and recombinant PGUS productio

The behavior of P. pastoris growth and recombinant PGUS production during the methanol induction stage were examined in a high-aspect ratio vessel (HARV) that could model the microgravity environment.

RESULTS:

GSK461364 mouse The recombinant P. pastoris showed better growth under LSMMG than normal gravity (NG) during the methanol induction phase. It was also found that the efficiencies of PGUS production were enhanced 1.51 to 2.21-fold under LSMMG compared with NG control at four different rotary speeds (P < 0.05), and 15 rpm was found to be the optimal for PGUS expression. Furthermore, the efficiency of PGUS secretion was also enhanced under LSMMG (all values above 30%).

CONCLUSIONS: The LSMMG environment significantly enhances production and secretion of the recombinant PGUS expressed in P. pastoris GS115. Results suggest that simulated microgravity techniques could be used for the efficient production of recombinant proteins by microbial hosts. (C) 2010 Society of Chemical Industry”
“The most dreaded neurological complications in

TB spine occur in active stage BMS-754807 research buy of disease by mechanical compression, instability and inflammation changes, while in healed disease, these occur due to intrinsic changes in spinal cord secondary to internal salient in long standing kyphotic deformity. A judicious combination of conservative therapy and operative decompression when needed should form a comprehensive integrated course of treatment for TB spine with neurological complications. The patients showing relatively preserved cord with evidence of edema/myelitis with predominantly fluid collection in extradural space on MRI resolve on non-operative treatment, while the patients with extradural compression of mixed or granulomatous nature showing entrapment of spinal cord should be undertaken for early surgical decompression. The disease focus should be debrided with removal of pus caseous tissue and sequestra. The viable bone should only be removed to decompress the spinal cord and resultant gap should be bridged by bone graft. The

preserved volume of spinal cord with edema/myelitis and wet lesion on MRI usually would show good neural recovery. Thiazovivin cost The spinal cord showing myelomalacia with reduced cord volume and dry lesion likely to show a poor neural recovery. The internal kyphectomy is indicated for paraplegia with healed disease. These cases are bad risk for surgery and neural recovery. The best form of treatment of late onset paraplegia is the prevention of development of severe kyphosis in initial active stage of disease.”
“Objective: To evaluate the possible relationship between HLA alleles and bony ankylosis of the spine (bamboo spine) in Taiwanese patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Methods: A small cohort of HLA-B27 positive AS patients was conducted to analyze the effects of alleles and haplotypes on the development of bamboo spine.

Methods: This open-label, uncontrolled usability test included pa

Methods: This open-label, uncontrolled usability test included patients Selleck GSK2399872A aged 6 to <= 18 years with GHD currently receiving daily injections of GH with pen injectors. Patients performed repeated injections of test medium into a foam cushion. Patients or guardians completed a questionnaire on pen handling.

Results: A total of 73/74 patients (99%) rated Norditropin (R) FlexPro (R) easy to handle, reporting no technical complaints. In total, 60 (81 %) preferred Norditropin (R) FlexPro (R) over their current device, with 12 % preferring their current device and 7 % not sure.

Conclusions: Norditropin

(R) FlexPro (R) was perceived as easy to use and reliable, and was well accepted and preferred over the current device for the administration of GH in children and adolescents. Patients were more confident that Norditropin (R) FlexPro (R) delivered the right dose compared with their current device.”
“Populations of rare or elusive large mammals are difficult to monitor, because they usually are secretive, solitary, occur at low densities, and have large home ranges. The global trend of generally decreasing large carnivore populations necessitates new, feasible, reliable, https://www.selleckchem.com/products/BAY-73-4506.html and cost-effective monitoring methods.

We evaluate an index method developed for monitoring populations of moose (Alces alces) based on voluntarily and systematically collected observations from hunters, corrected for effort, FK228 cell line for use in monitoring

populations of large carnivores in Sweden. For our evaluation, we used independent estimates of minimum brown bear (Ursus arctos) densities from DNA-based scat surveys and brown bear distribution from mandatory reports from successful bear hunters. We verified that the index correctly reflected bear distribution. We also found strong linear relationships between the indices and the independent density estimates for bears at the scale of local management units (about 1000-2000 km(2)) in all three regional study areas (adjusted R(2) = 0.88-0.60). Our results suggest that systematic, effort-corrected reports of observed animals can be an alternative and accurate monitoring method for the conservation and management of large mammals occurring over large areas when large numbers of willing volunteers are available (effort >30,000 h). (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The carbon fabric composites filled with several nanoparticles were prepared by dip-coating and hot press molding technique. The friction and wear behavior of the resulting composites were studied systematically using a block-on-ring arrangement. Experimental results showed that the optimal content of nanoparticles as fillers contributed to improve the tribological properties of the carbon fabric composites. Moreover, the friction and wear properties of the fabric composites were closely dependent with the sliding conditions.

Clinical examinations were performed

pre- and postoperati

Clinical examinations were performed

pre- and postoperatively (3 month and after 1 year after surgery) in all patients.

Results: No intra-or postoperative complications were observed. The hypophysis ring curettes facilitated the preparation of the styloid process to the skull base.

Conclusions: The transoral, retromolar, para-tonsillar approach is a secure and fast method to resect an elongated symptomatic styloid process. Side effects of the classical transoral trans-tonsillar approach did not occur.”
“Self-drilling screws (SDS) and self-tapping screws (STS) allow for quicker bone insertion and are associated find more with increased anchorage. This is an experimental in vivo comparison of anterior cervical SDS and STS in the post-insertion acute and chronic phases.

Thirty C2-C6 vertebrae from six Santa Ins hair sheep were used. Each screw design was randomly assigned to five of each spinal level. Insertion torque was measured using a torque device. Three animals were killed in each phase. Vertebrae were randomly assigned to pullout tests and histomorphometrical bone-screw interface evaluation (percent screw-bone contact and bone density inside and outside the threaded area). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

SDS insertion torque was greater than STS (P = 0.0001). SDS pullout strength was significantly greater than STS in the acute and chronic phases (P = 0.0001, 0.0003, respectively).

SDS percent screw-bone contact and inside area bone density were significantly greater in both phases. No outside area bone density differences were SB273005 ic50 observed in either phase.

SDS had higher insertion torque and better anchorage than STS in both phases. SDS percent bone-screw contact and inside area bone density were higher in both phases.”
“With the failure of so many pre-clinical

stroke studies to translate into the clinic, there is a need to find new therapeutics to minimize the extent of cellular damage and aid in functional recovery. Domain V (DV), the c-terminal protein fragment of the vascular basement membrane component, Entinostat perlecan, was recently shown to afford significant protection in multiple transient middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke models. We sought here to determine whether DV might have similar therapeutic properties in a focal photothrombosis stroke model in both young and aged mice. Young (3-month old) and aged (24-month old) mice underwent photothrombotic stroke to the motor cortex and were then treated with DV or phosphate buffered saline vehicle at different initial time points up to 7 days. Stroke volume was analyzed histologically using cresyl violet and functional recovery assessed behaviorally on both the grid-walking and cylinder tasks. In young mice, DV administration resulted in a significant decrease in infarct volume when treatment started 3 or 6 h post-stroke. In aged mice, DV administration was only protective when started 3 h post-stroke.

033 eV The experimental IVT data are also analyzed statistically

033 eV The experimental IVT data are also analyzed statistically using the extracted

values of Phi to build Lip a Gaussian distribution of barrier heights. Including the standard deviation and a mean SBH of 1.126 eV, Which Should be analogous to file SBH extracted from capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements. Both techniques yield accurate values of A** for SiC. However, the C-V analysis did not correlate with the mean SBH as expected. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3255976]“
“Background: Patients with advanced heart failure (HF) have high rates of pain and other symptoms that diminish quality of life. We know little about the characteristics and correlates of pain in patients with advanced HF.

Methods and Results: We identified pain prevalence, location, character, severity, frequency, and correlates in 347 outpatients with advanced HF enrolled from hospices and clinics. We evaluated GSK1210151A the correlation of pain with HF-related quality of life, mortality, symptoms and health problems, and current treatments for pain. Pain at any site was reported by 293 patients (84.4%), and 138 (39.5%) reported pain at more than one site. The most common site of pain was the legs below the knees (32.3% of subjects). Pain interfered with activity for 70% of patients. BVD-523 order Pain was “”severe”" or “”very severe”" for 28.6% of subjects with chest pain, and for 38.9% of those with

other sites of pain. The only medication reported to provide pain relief was opioids, prescribed for 34.1% of subjects (P = .001). The strongest predictors of pain were degenerative joint disease (DJD) (odds ratio [OR] 14.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.9-56.0; P < .001), other arthritis (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.20-6.62; P = .017), shortness of breath (OR 3.27, 95% CI 1.47-7.28; P = .004), and angina pectoris (OR

3.38, 95% CI 1.30-8.81; P = .013).

Conclusions: Pain occurred at multiple sites in patients with advanced HF. Pain correlated with DJD or other arthritis, shortness of breath, and angina. Only opioid analgesics provided relief Bromosporine of pain. Future research should evaluate the etiology of and interventions to manage pain in patients with HF. (J Cardiac Fail 2012;18:776-783)”
“An amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (aPET) and a semicrystalline poly (ethylene terephthalate) obtained through the annealing Of aPET at 110 degrees C for 40 min (aPET-110-40) were treated in carbon dioxide (CO(2)) at 1500 psi and 35 degrees C for 1 h followed by treatment in a vacuum for various times to make samples containing various amounts of CO(2) residues in these two CO(2)-treated samples. Glass transition and cold crystallization as a function Of the amount of CO(2) residues in these two CO(2)-treated samples were investigated by temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).

We obtained biopsies from 6 control subjects and 10 patients with

We obtained biopsies from 6 control subjects and 10 patients with gastric carcinomas living in Manaus. In the patients, the samples were taken from tumors and from adjacent non-cancerous mucosa. These samples were screened for EBV DNA by PCR to amplify the 288-bp fragments from the Bam

M region. The EBV DNA was detected in 8 of the 10 tumor cases and in none of the 6 control subjects. In the positively identified samples, EBV DNA was detected in five corresponding resection margins. Previous research indicated only a weak association between learn more EBV and gastric cancer. We suggest that EBV should be considered as a risk factor for gastric adenocarcinomas in Manaus.”
“A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for quantification of lamotrigine in human serum. After a

simple protein precipitation using acetonitrile, the analytes were separated on a Shideido 150 mm x 2.0 mm, 5 pm Capcell Pak C18 MG column using 70% acetonitrile as mobile phase at a flow rate GSK1120212 research buy of 200 mu l/min. Lamotrigine was eluted at 1.98 min, ionized using electrospray ionization source, and then detected by multiple reaction monitoring mode. The precursor to product ion transitions of m/z 256.1-109.0 was used to quantify. The analytical measurement range is from 0.1 to 20 mu g/ml and the upper clinical reportable range is chosen to be 100 mu g/ml. The method was successfully employed in a clinical application.”
“Arabidopsis thaliana has three membrane-located

cytokinin receptors (AHK2, AHK3 and CRE1/AHK4), which are sensor histidine kinases containing a ligand-binding CHASE domain. Despite their structural similarity the role of these receptors differs in planta. Here we have explored which parameters contribute to signal specification. In a bacterial assay, the CHASE domain of AHK2 has a similar ligand binding spectrum as CRE1/AHK4. It shows the highest affinity for isopentenyladenine QNZ clinical trial (iP) and trans-zeatin (tZ) with an apparent K(D) of 1.4 and 4.0 nM, respectively. Real-time PCR analysis of cytokinin primary response genes in double mutants retaining only single receptors revealed that all receptors are activated in planta by cytokinin concentrations in the low nanomolar range. However, there are differences in sensitivity towards the principal cytokinins iP and tZ. The activation of the cytokinin-sensitive P(ARR5):GUS reporter gene in three different double mutants shows specific, but also overlapping, spatial domains of activity, which were for all receptors predominantly in the shoot apical meristems and root cap columella. AHK2 and AHK3 signal specifically in leaf parenchyma cells, AHK3 in stomata cells, and CRE1/AHK4 in the root vasculature. Promoter-swap experiments demonstrate that CRE1/AHK4 can functionally replace AHK2 but not AHK3.