In line with this vision, this contribution intends to promote the synergy between researchers’ awareness of OA benefits and institutional policies mandating self-archiving practices. Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank Rossella Ballarini

for help in collecting bibliographic data of INT and Antonio Lucon for assistance with tables. Special thanks to #see more randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# Francesca Servoli for revising the manuscript and bibliography according to the Instructions. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1 Table S1: Key issues for author consideration when submitting a manuscript to a scientific journal. (DOCX 16 KB) Additional file 2 Table S2: Journals hosting the scientific production of ISS, IRE and INT in 2010, ordered by IF quartile ranking (Q1-Q4). Note. 1) The currency in euros was calculated according to the exchange rate of 27 August 2012: 1 USD = €0.798028 €1 = 1.25309 USD checked at [http://​www.​xe.​com/​]. 2) Only “”original research articles”" are SGC-CBP30 open access, while other types of articles appearing in the same journals are accessible on a subscription basis. (XLS 49 KB) Additional file 3 Table S3: Copyright policy of the publishers listed in Table S2. (XLS 30 KB) References 1. Suber P: Open access overview. Focusing on open access to peer-reviewed research articles and their preprints. 2004. http://​www.​earlham.​edu/​~peters/​fos/​overview.​htm

2. King DW: An approach to open access author payment. D-Lib Magazine 2010.,16(3/4): http://​www.​dlib.​org/​dlib/​march10/​king/​03king.​html 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase 3. Houghton J, Rasmussen B, Sheehan P, Oppenheim C, Morris A, Creaser C, Greenwood H, Summers M, Gourlay A: Economic implications of alternative scholarly publishing models: exploring the costs and benefits. JISC Report; 2009. http://​www.​jisc.​ac.​uk/​publications/​reports/​2009/​economicpublishi​ngmodelssummary.​aspx 4. Swan A: Modelling scholarly communication options: costs and benefits for universities. Report to the JISC. 2010. http://​eprints.​soton.​ac.​uk/​268584/​1/​Modelling_​scholarly_​communication_​report_​final.​pdf 5. Pinfield S: Paying for open access? Institutional funding streams and OA

publication charges. Learn Pub 2010, 23:39–52.CrossRef 6. Thomson Reuters: Journal citation reports. 2010. http://​thomsonreuters.​com/​products_​services/​science/​science_​products/​a-z/​journal_​citation_​reports 7. Rendicontazione RC2012. Ministero della salute. Direzione Generale della Ricerca Sanitaria e Biomedica e della Vigilanza sugli Enti, Italia; DGRIC 0000735-P-02/02/2012 8. Ministero della salute. Direzione Generale Ricerca Sanitaria e Vigilanza Enti: Ricerca corrente 2002, 2003, 2004 – acquisizione elementi ai fini della ripartizione. Italia; http://​www.​salute.​gov.​it/​resources/​static/​legis2002/​Circolare_​RC.​pdf 9. SHERPA/RoMEO. Publisher copyright policies & self-archiving. http://​www.​sherpa.​ac.​uk/​romeo/​ 10. Creative commons. http://​creativecommons.

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007,104(7):2109–2114.PubMedCrossRef 99. Sam MD, Papagiannis CV, Connolly KM, Corselli L, Iwahara J, Lee J, Phillips M, Wojciak JM, Johnson RC, Clubb RT: Regulation of directionality in bacteriophage lambda site-specific recombination: structure of the Xis protein. J Mol Biol 2002,324(4):791–805.PubMedCrossRef Authors’ contributions SVR conducted all experiments and ARRY-162 in vitro analyzed data. SRC analyzed data and wrote part of the paper. PU conceived this study, analyzed data, and wrote

part of the paper. All authors contributed in writing the manuscript and approved its final content.”
“Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that is prevalent in the gut of hospitalized patients exposed to antibiotics buy Evofosfamide https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cftrinh-172.html and extreme physiologic stress such as major organ transplantation, injury, and sudden and severe insults [1–3]. P. aeruginosa

is one of the most common causes of severe sepsis and its primary site of colonization and source of subsequent infection is the intestinal tract reservoir [3–5]. In previous work from our laboratory we analyzed multi-drug resistant isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from critically ill patients for their ability to disrupt the intestinal epithelial barrier and cause lethal gut-derived sepsis [6]. In these studies we identified that certain highly virulent and lethal isolates of P. aeruginosa respond to phosphate limitation by expressing outer surface appendages containing the phosphate signaling protein PstS [7]. We hypothesized that such responsiveness of these strains to phosphate limitation might have evolved from exposure to the depleted phosphate conditions present in a physiologically stressed host. We previously measured phosphate concentration in the intestine of mice following surgical injury and discovered that phosphate becomes rapidly depleted in the distal intestinal tract mucosa (cecum) and is associated with enhanced PstS expression in P. aeruginosa colonizing the mouse gut [8]. Further work using the prototype strain PAO1 demonstrated in both C. elegans and mice, that phosphate limitation causes activation of a lethal phenotype in P. aeruginosa that can be attenuated

when local phosphate abundance/sufficiency is created via oral supplementation [9, 10]. Molecular analysis of this response demonstrated Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase that phosphate limitation activates a lethal phenotype in PAO1 via signaling mechanisms interconnecting phosphate acquisition systems (PstS-PhoB), quorum sensing (MvfR-PQS), and iron acquisition system (pyoverdin). We therefore hypothesized that maintenance of phosphate abundance/sufficiency at sites of P. aeruginosa colonization, such as the distal gut, may be a potential strategy to prevent virulence activation and hence mortality through the course of extreme physiologic stress when local phosphate stores become depleted. Yet another important local microenvironmental cue that might affect the virulence and lethality of strains of P.

According to the effective medium theory [26], the average microscopic electric field inside the ceramic matrix filled with conductive particles increases in the region of the PT, which results in a significant decrease in E b. Figure 4 shows the non-Ohmic properties www.selleckchem.com/products/SB-203580.html of the CCTO/Au nanocomposites as a plot of electrical current density (J) vs. electric field strength (E). α values of the CCTO, CCTO/Au1, CCTO/Au2, CCTO/Au3, and CCTO/Au4 samples were calculated in the range of J = 1 to 10 mA/cm2 and found to be 7.38, 17.67, 11.08, 5.05, and 3.08, respectively. E b values (obtained at J = 1 mA/cm2)

were found to be 4.26 × 103, 1.25 × 104, 1.17 × 104, 2.50 × 103, and 7.84 × 102 V/cm, respectively. α and E b initially showed a strong increase with introduction of 2.5 to 5.0 vol.% of Au NPs into CCTO (inset of Figure 4). Both parameters greatly decreased with further increasing Au NPs from 10 to 20 vol.%, which is due to the percolation effect [4]. In the region of the PT, electrical conduction in composites increased dramatically, resulting in a large decrease in MS-275 mouse E b. This observation is consistent with the effective medium theory [26]. Therefore, it is reasonable to suggest that the increases in ϵ′ and tanδ observed in the CCTO/Au4 sample were

mainly attributed to the percolation effect; while, the effect of grain size effect is slight. Figure 4 J – E curves of CCTO/Au nanocomposites. The inset shows values of E b and α as a function of Au concentration. The CCTO/Au1 sample exhibited the best non-Ohmic properties among all samples. These values are comparable to those observed in CaCu3Ti3.8Sn0.2O12 ceramic [27]. There are many factors that are potentially responsible for strong improvement of non-Ohmic properties. It was found that the non-Ohmic properties of CCTO ceramics could effectively be improved by fabricating composite systems of CCTO/CTO [28, 29]. As shown in Figure 1, the observed CTO phase in Thiamine-diphosphate kinase all of the CCTO/Au

composites tended to increase with increasing Au content. However, the non-Ohmic properties of CCTO/Au strongly degraded as the Au filler concentration increased. Thus, the excellent non-Ohmic properties of the CCTO/Au1 sample are not mainly caused by a CTO phase. For CCTO polycrystalline ceramics, the non-Ohmic behavior is due to the existence of Schottky BIBW2992 cost barriers at the GBs [13]. Thus, the existence of metallic Au NPs at the GBs of CCTO ceramics may contribute the formation of Schottky barriers at GBs. However, the mechanism by which Au NPs contribute to enhancement of non-Ohmic properties is still unclear. It is worth noting that improved nonlinear properties of the CCTO/Au1 sample may also be related to modification of microstructure. Although the introduction of metallic particles in a ceramic matrix with concentration near the PT can dramatically enhance the dielectric response, a large increase in the conduction of charge carriers was observed simultaneously, leading to decreases in E b and energy density.

Biochem Soc Trans 2005, 33:108–111.PubMedCrossRef see more 7. Boison G, Schmitz O, Mikheeva L, Shestakov S, Bothe H: Cloning, molecular analysis and insertional mutagenesis of the bidirectional hydrogenase genes from the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans. FEBS Lett 1996, 394:153–158.PubMedCrossRef 8. Gubili J, Borthakur D: The use of a PCR cloning and screening strategy to identify lambda clones containing the hupB gene of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J Microbiol Meth 1996, 27:175–182.CrossRef 9. Gubili J, Borthakur

D: Organization of the hupDEAB genes within the hydrogenase gene cluster of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J Appl Phycol 1998, 10:163–167.CrossRef 10. Hansel A, Axelsson R, Lindberg P, Troshina OY, Wünschiers R, Lindblad P: Cloning and characterisation of a hyp gene cluster in the filamentous cyanobacterium

Nostoc sp. strain PCC 73102. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001, 201:59–64.PubMedCrossRef Bindarit 11. Hoffmann D, Gutekunst K, Klissenbauer M, Schluz-Friedrich R, Appel J: Mutagenesis of hydrogenase accessory genes of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Additional homologues of hypA and hypB are not active in hydrogenase maturation. FEBS J 2006, 273:4516–4527.PubMedCrossRef 12. Kaneko T, Sato S, Kotani H, Tanaka A, Asamizu E, Nakamura Y, Miyajima N, Hirosawa M, Sugiura M, Sasamoto S, Kimura T, Hosouchi T, Matsuno A, Muraki A, Nakazaki N, Naruo K, Okumura S, Shimpo S, Takeuchi C, Wada T, Watanabe A, Yamada M, Yasuda M, Tabata S: Sequence analysis of the genome of the Dactolisib mouse unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. II. Sequence determination of

the entire genome and assignment of potential protein-coding regions. DNA Res C225 1996, 3:185–209.PubMedCrossRef 13. Sakamoto T, Delgaizo VB, Bryant DA: Growth on urea can trigger death and peroxidation of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998, 64:2361–2366.PubMed 14. Tamagnini P, Axelsson R, Lindberg P, Oxelfelt F, Wünschiers R, Lindblad P: Hydrogenases and hydrogen metabolism of cyanobacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2002, 66:1–20.PubMedCrossRef 15. Tamagnini P, Leitão E, Oliveira P, Ferreira D, Pinto F, Harris DJ, Heidorn T, Lindblad P: Cyanobacterial hydrogenases:diversity, regulation and applications. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2007, 31:692–720.PubMedCrossRef 16. Boison G, Bothe H, Schmitz O: Transcriptional analysis of hydrogenase genes in the cyanobacteria Anacystis nidulans and Anabaena variabilis monitored by RT-PCR. Curr Microbiol 2000, 40:315–321.PubMedCrossRef 17. Oliveira P, Leitão E, Tamagnini P, Moradas-Ferreira P, Oxelfelt F: Characterization and transcriptional analysis of hupSLW in Gloeothece sp. ATCC 27152: an uptake hydrogenase from a unicellular cyanobacterium. Microbiology 2004, 150:3647–3655.PubMedCrossRef 18. Schmitz O, Boison G, Bothe H: Quantitative analysis of expression of two circadian clock-controlled gene clusters coding for the bidirectional hydrogenase in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp.

In red deer and fallow PHA-848125 mouse deer, one piece of the tonsils and head lymphnode samples, always containing at least half left and half right medial retropharyngeal lymph node, were submitted for culture. Due to logistic and budget constraints, no thoracic or abdominal lymphoid tissues were cultured except when TB-compatible macroscopic lesions were evidenced. Table 1 Mycobacterial identification and molecular typing results by

species and sampling site within Doñana National Park (DNP), Spain (CR Coto del Rey; SO Los Sotos; EB Estación Biológica; PU El Puntal; MA Marismillas; see Figure 1 on molecular typing patterns and Figure 6 on regions within DNP).       Mycobacteria Other Than Tuberculosis (MOTT) Mycobacterium bovis Host Site n M. scr. M. int. M. xen. M. int. Total MOTT A1 A3 B2 B5 C1 D4 E1 F1 Total M. bovis Wild boar CR 14           12             1 13   SO 18 3       3 8           2   10   EB 31 2 6   3 11 5   2           7   PU 29 1     5 6 7   12

          19   MA 32           5   7 1         13   Total 124 6 6   8 20 37   21 1     2 1 62 Red deer CR 35           8 1       1     10   SO 35 6     1 7 8       1       9   EB 12       1 1 2   1           3   PU 3           1   1           2   MA 10       1 1                     Total 95 6     3 9 19 1 2   1 CHIR99021 1     24 Fallow deer CR 36 2       2 7           1   8   SO 35 9   1   10 8         2     10   EB 9 3     1 4 2               2   PU 5 2       2 1               1   MA 15                               Total 100 16   1 1 18 18           3   21   TOTAL 319 28 6 1 12 47 74 1 23 1 1 1 5 1 107 M. scr. = Mycobacterium Loperamide scrofulaceum; M. int. = Mycobacterium interjectum, M. xen. = Mycobacterium xenopi, M. int. = Mycobacterium intracellulare Table 2 Infection with Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacteria Other Than Tuberculosis (MOTT), or M. bovis/MOTT co-infection in wildlife hosts from Doñana National Park, Spain.   MOTT pos MOTT neg Host M. bovis pos M. bovis neg M. bovis pos M. bovis neg Red deer 1 8 26 60 Fallow deer 3 15 19 63 Wild boar 4 16 57 47 Figure 1 Doñana National Park, Spain. Park boundary is marked by a solid line. From north to south: CR Coto del

Rey; SO Los Sotos; EB Estación Biológica; PU El Puntal; MA Marismillas. Shadowed areas are marshlands used as cattle pastures (Marisma de Hinojos and Las Nuevas). Symbols show sampling sites for wild boar (squares), fallow deer (circles) and red deer (Cobimetinib in vivo triangles). Social groups were defined as animals sampled the same day at the same site, and with characteristics that were compatible with forming a stable (e.g. female-yearling) or seasonal (e.g. rut mixed) group. Only part of the individuals belonging to a given social group was sampled. Sampling was performed according to European (86/609) and Spanish laws (RD 223/1988; RD 1021/2005), and current guidelines for ethical use of animals in research (ASAB, 2006) and UCLM animal experimentation committee.

J Clin Oncol 2007, 25: 1960–1966.CrossRefPubMed 3. Thatcher N, Chang A, Parikh P, Rodrigues Pereira J, Ciuleanu T, von Pawel J, Thongprasert S, Tan EH, Pemberton K, Archer V, Selleckchem Dasatinib Carroll K: Gefitinib plus best supportive care in previously treated patients with refractory advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre study (Iressa Survival Evaluation in Lung Cancer). Lancet 2005, 366: 1527–1537.CrossRefPubMed 4. Kelly K, Chansky K, Gaspar LE, Albain KS, Jett J, Ung YC, Lau

DH, Crowley JJ, Gandara DR: Phase III trial of maintenance gefitinib or placebo after concurrent chemoradiotherapy and docetaxel consolidation in inoperable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: SWOG S0023. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26: 2450–2456.CrossRefPubMed 5. Miller K, Wang M, Gralow J, Dickler M, Cobleigh M, Perez EA, Shenkier T, Cella D, AZD0156 manufacturer Davidson NE: Paclitaxel plus bevacizumab versus paclitaxel alone for

metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2007, 357: 2666–2676.CrossRefPubMed 6. Slamon DJ, Leyland-Jones B, Shak S, Fuchs H, Paton V, Bajamonde A, Fleming T, Eiermann W, Wolter J, Pegram M, Baselga J, Norton L: Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2. N Engl J Med 2001, 344: 783–792.CrossRefPubMed 7. Simon R, Maitournam A: Evaluating the efficiency of targeted designs for randomized clinical trials. Clin Cancer Res 2004, 10: 6759–6763.CrossRefPubMed

8. Schneider BP, Wang M, Radovich CHIR 99021 M, Sledge GW, Badve S, Thor A, Flockhart DA, Hancock B, Davidson N, Gralow J, Dickler M, Perez EA, Cobleigh M, Shenkier T, Edgerton S, Miller KD: Association of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 genetic polymorphisms with outcome in a trial of paclitaxel compared with paclitaxel plus bevacizumab Molecular motor in advanced breast cancer: ECOG 2100. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26: 4672–4678.CrossRefPubMed 9. Morabito A, Di Maio M, De Maio E, Normanno N, Perrone F: Methodology of clinical trials with new molecular-targeted agents: where do we stand? Ann Oncol 2006, 17 (Suppl 7) : vii128–131.CrossRefPubMed 10. Vickers AJ, Ballen V, Scher HI: Setting the bar in phase II trials: the use of historical data for determining “”go/no go”" decision for definitive phase III testing. Clin Cancer Res 2007, 13: 972–976.CrossRefPubMed 11. Ratain MJ, Karrison TG: Testing the wrong hypothesis in phase II oncology trials: there is a better alternative. Clin Cancer Res 2007, 13: 781–782.CrossRefPubMed 12. Chan JK, Ueda SM, Sugiyama VE, Stave CD, Shin JY, Monk BJ, Sikic BI, Osann K, Kapp DS: Analysis of phase II studies on targeted agents and subsequent phase III trials: what are the predictors for success? J Clin Oncol 2008, 26: 1511–1518.

The samples were treated for 10 min at the specified temperatures before loading on the gel Chlorophyll a fluorescence lifetime The functional activity of the photosystems was studied with the aid of Chl a fluorescence lifetime measurements, using microscopic

(FLIM) and macroscopic (TCSPC) measurements. The FLIM images are plotted in Fig. 3a, b (WT) and c, d (dgd1). The recorded fluorescence originates from Chls in the chloroplasts. Thus, the bright spots in the intensity images (Fig. 3a, c) originate from distinct chloroplasts. Their shape is not well defined in the FLIM images due to the fact that the Sotrastaurin brightness of the PF-01367338 chemical structure individual organelles is proportional to the intensity of the fluorescence emission. Therefore, the chloroplasts being located in the focal plane are observed as bright objects, whereas the lower intensity pixels probably represent somewhat out-of-focus chloroplasts. The fluorescence decay traces recorded find more for each pixel were analyzed by a three-exponential model from which an average lifetime per pixel was calculated. These average lifetimes are plotted in Fig. 3b and d for the WT and dgd1, respectively. The sum of the decay curves recorded for all the pixels in the image of WT and dgd1 leaves is presented in

Fig. 3e. The distribution histogram of the average lifetime is presented in Fig. 3f, which also clearly shows that it is longer for the mutant—the average fluorescence lifetime in the majority of the pixels of the WT-image is 180–220 ps, whereas for the dgd1-image it is about 250–300 ps. Fig. 3 FLIM results on dark-adapted detached WT and

dgd1 leaves. The fluorescence images are shown in panel (a) for the WT, and panel (c) for dgd1. The color-coded average fluorescence lifetime images are presented in panel (b) for the WT and panel (d) for dgd1. Scale bars, 20 μm. The decay traces recorded for each pixel in the images were added, and their sums are presented in panel (e) for the WT (green trace) and dgd1 (blue trace). The histograms of the average lifetimes, obtained from a total of 4,096 pixels for each sample, and plotted with 3 ps steps, are given in panel (f) (green curve for the WT and blue PLEK2 for dgd1). The dashed lines represent the average lifetime values for WT and dgd1, obtained for isolated thylakoid membranes by TCSPC at 25°C The FLIM setup used can only be applied for measurements at 22°C. In order to check the temperature dependence of the average Chl a fluorescence lifetime (τave), it was determined for isolated intact thylakoid membranes using the TCSPC technique. The fluorescence decay curves for WT and dgd1 are shown in Fig. 4a and the parameters obtained from the fit are plotted as a table in the figure. At 25°C, the fitting analysis results in longer fluorescence lifetimes for dgd1 than for WT − τave = 202 ± 5 ps for WT and 236 ± 13 ps for dgd1 (Fig. 4b); these values are similar to the ones determined using the FLIM technique (Fig. 3e).

FEMS Microbiology Letters 2006,258(1):102–107.PubMedCrossRef 18. Ochiai N, Tokai T, Takahashi-Ando N, Fujimura M, Kimura M: Genetically engineered Fusarium as a tool to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on initiation of trichothecene biosynthesis. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2007,275(1):53–61.PubMedCrossRef 19. Ponts N, Pinson-Gadais L, Barreau

C, Richard-Forget F, Ouellet T: Exogenous H2O2 and catalase treatments interfere with Tri genes expression in TPX-0005 research buy liquid cultures of Fusarium graminearum . FEBS Letters 2007,581(3):443–447.PubMedCrossRef 20. Ponts N, Couedelo L, Pinson-Gadais L, Verdal-Bonnin MN, Barreau C, Richard-Forget F: Fusarium response to oxidative stress by H2O2 is trichothecene chemotype-dependent. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2009,293(2):255–262.PubMedCrossRef 21. Mullenborn C, Steiner U, Ludwig M, Oerke Tideglusib nmr EC: Effect of fungicides on the complex Oligomycin A cost of Fusarium species and saprophytic fungi colonizing wheat kernels. European Journal of Plant Pathology 2008,120(2):157–166.CrossRef 22. Ochiai N, Tokai T, Takahashi-Ando N, Fujimura M, Kimura

M: Genetically engineered Fusarium as a tool to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on initiation of trichothecene biosynthesis. FEMS Microbiology Letters 275(1):53–61. 23. D’Mello JPF, Macdonald AMC, Postel D, Dijksma WTP, Dujardin A, Placinta CM: Pesticide use and mycotoxin production in Fusarium and Aspergillus phytopathogens. European Journal of Plant Pathology 104(8):741–751. 24. Covarelli L, Turner AS, Nicholson P: Repression of deoxynivalenol accumulation and expression

of Tri genes in Fusarium culmorum by fungicides in vitro . Plant Pathology 2004,53(1):22–28.CrossRef 25. Matthies A, Buchenauer H: Effect of tebuconazole (Folicur (R)) and prochloraz (Sportak (R)) treatments on Fusarium head scab development, yield and deoxynivalenol (DON) content in grains of wheat following artificial inoculation with Fusarium culmorum . Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz/Journal of Plant diseases and Protection 107(1):33–52. 26. Kim YS, Dixon EW, Vincelli P, Farman ML: Field resistance to strobilurin (Q(o)I) fungicides in Pyricularia grisea caused by mutations in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Phytopathology 2003,93(7):891–900.PubMedCrossRef 27. Fisher N, Brown AC, Sexton of G, Cook A, Windass J, Meunier B: Modeling the Q(o) site of crop pathogens in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytochrome b. European Journal of Biochemistry 2004,271(11):2264–2271.PubMedCrossRef 28. Fraaije BA, Butters JA, Coelho JM, Jones DR, Hollomon DW: Following the dynamics of strobilurin resistance in Blumeria graminis f.sp tritici using quantitative allele-specific real-time PCR measurements with the fluorescent dye SYBR Green I. Plant Pathology 2002,51(1):45–54.CrossRef 29. Kaneko I, Ishii H: Effect of azoxystrobin on activities of antioxidant enzymes and alternative oxidase in wheat head blight pathogens Fusarium graminearum and Microdochium nivale .

5 V. It seems that the resistive switching memory device can be programmed under positive voltage through Cu pillar; however, it is not possible to erase through Cu pillar if it needs lower voltage than that of −1.5 V. Further study is needed to improve Cu pillar robustness under negative voltage on the Cu electrode. Figure 7 Data retention and read endurance characteristics. (a) Typical data retention characteristics

of our Al/Cu/Al2O3/TiN CBRAM device. The thickness of Al2O3 layer is 10 nm. (b) Read endurance characteristics of the Cu pillars in a Al/Cu/Al2O3/TiN structure at high CC of 70 mA. The stronger Cu pillars are obtained when the bias is positive. Conclusions The Cu pillars are formed in Al/Cu/Al2O3/TiN S63845 manufacturer structure under a small voltage of <5 V and a high current of 70 mA. Tight distribution of Selleckchem Dorsomorphin robust Cu pillars for 100 randomly measured devices with an average current of approximately 50 mA at a V read of 1 V is observed.

The Cu pillars have long read pulse endurance of >106 cycles under positive read voltage. Although, the read pulse endurance under negative read voltage is worst due Selleck Doramapimod to Cu dissolution partially. On the other hand, our Al/Cu/Al2O3/TiN memory device shows good bipolar resistive switching behavior at a CC of 500 μA. Good data retention characteristics of >103 s with acceptable resistance ratio of >10 is observed. It is expected that this novel idea to achieve high-density memory through 3D interconnect will have a good alternative of traditional TSV technique owing to a low cost and simple way. Acknowledgments This work was supported by National Science Council (NSC), Taiwan, under contract no. NSC-102-2221-E-182-057-MY2. The authors are grateful to Electronics and Optoelectronics Research Laboratories all (EOL)/Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), Hsinchu, for their support. References 1. Prakash A, Jana D, Maikap S: TaO x based resistive switching

memories: prospective and challenges. Nanoscale Res Lett 2013, 8:418.CrossRef 2. Yang JJ, Strukov DB, Stewart DR: Memristive devices for computing. Nat Nanotechnol 2013, 8:13.CrossRef 3. Torrezan AC, Strachan JP, Medeiros-Ribeiro G, Williams RS: Sub-nanosecond switching of a tantalum oxide memristor. Nanotechnology 2011, 22:485203.CrossRef 4. Lee HY, Chen PS, Wu TY, Chen YS, Wang CC, Tzeng PJ, Lin CH, Chen F, Lien CH, Tsai MJ: Low power and high speed bipolar switching with a thin reactive Ti buffer layer in robust HfO 2 based RRAM. Tech Dig Int Electron Devices Meet 2008, 1–4. 5. Chen YS, Lee HY, Chen PS, Liu WH, Wang SM, Gu PY, Hsu YY, Tsai CH, Chen WS, Chen F, Tsai MJ, Lien C: Robust high-resistance state and improved endurance of HfO x resistive memory by suppression of current overshoot. IEEE Electron Device Lett 2011, 32:1585.CrossRef 6. Tsuji Y, Sakamoto T, Banno N, Hada H, Aono M: Off-state and turn-on characteristics of solid electrolyte switch.

Small 2013, 9:1686–1690.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions WW carried out the immunoassays, participated in the design of the study, drafted the manuscript, and performed the statistical analysis. ZL carried out the materials study, participated in the design of the study, and drafted the

manuscript. JD carried out the cell culture. CW and YF provided the graphene, participated in the design of the study, and helped to draft the manuscript. X-DY conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination, and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Transparent electrodes

are a required component of many buy Alvocidib devices such as organic solar cells, electronic displays, and touch screens. The most commonly used transparent conductor is indium tin oxide selleck compound (ITO). ITO, however, is expensive, not suitable for flexible applications, and requires sputtering, high temperatures, and vacuum for its deposition. Several materials have been proposed to replace ITO such as graphene [1], carbon nanotubes [2, 3], and copper [4, 5] and silver nanowires [6–8]. Of these, silver nanowire electrodes have been identified as the lead alternative because they have the lowest sheet S3I-201 in vitro resistance at a given transparency [9–11]. Not only can silver nanowire electrodes provide the same sheet resistance and transparency as ITO, but they are also highly flexible [12, 13] and inexpensive [11], and their fabrication is compatible with

roll-to-roll processes. In spite of all the advantages Celastrol of nanowire electrodes, there are certain issues that need to be addressed before their widespread use in devices. One of these most important issues is their surface roughness. Because there are typically junctions on an electrode where three or more nanowires are stacked on top of one another, maximum peak-to-valley values can reach three times the diameter of the nanowires or more [12, 14]. Nanowires with diameters of 90 nm are commonly used, and so, these electrodes have peak-to-valley values around or exceeding 270 nm. This is problematic for many devices, especially ones that consist of thin layers. In organic electronic devices, for example, the low electron mobility and fast recombination times require organic layers to be less than 100-nm thick (typically 40 to 80 nm depending on the device and materials used) [15, 16]. Several reports where silver nanowire electrodes have been used in organic solar cells have reported lower efficiencies than equivalent devices built on ITO. The rough surface of the nanowire electrodes causes a lower shunt resistance, which increases the dark current and hinders the efficiency of the solar cells [17–19].