05) ( Fig. 3A–F). Cell invasion is one of the steps involved in metastasis. To determine whether biflorin was involved in this process, the authors first ensured that the inhibition of invasion was not due to cell death. Thus, the viability of MDA-MB-435 melanoma cancer cells was assessed after 8 and 12 h of treatment with 1, 2.5 and 5 μM biflorin. As shown in Fig. 3C, cell death was not observed in any of the concentrations

of biflorin and durations of incubation tested. However, a strong and dose-dependent reduction in the invasion of MDA-MB-435 cells through the Matrigel matrix was observed after the treatment with 1, 2.5 and 5 μM biflorin (38.25 ± 9.53; 16.5 ± 3.31 and 2.25 ± 0.95, respectively).In comparison, this was not observed in the negative RG7204 mw control (55.00 ± 3.9) (Fig. 4A and B). Additionally, biflorin did not inhibit the adhesion of MDA-MB-435 cells to any of the ECM substrates tested (data not shown). The cadherins are a family of a cell to cell adhesion molecules that have been implicated in the invasive process (Hanahan and Weinberg, 2011). To determine whether the inhibition of invasion by biflorin was related to N-cadherin protein levels, a western blot

was performed. After 12 h of biflorin treatment, the protein levels of N-cadherin were down-regulated in a dose dependent manner C646 solubility dmso (Fig. 4C and D). To further understand the signaling pathways involved in the inhibition of invasion, 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl the expression levels of AKT-1 was assessed. 36B4, acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein P0, was used as a reference gene. AKT-1 mRNA levels were down-regulated in a dose-dependent manner by 94.65, 76.25 and 21.35%, by 1, 2.5 and 5 μM biflorin, respectively ( Fig. 4E). After 12 h of treatment with 5 μM biflorin, the AKT-1 (p < 0.05) mRNA level was decreased by 5-fold (p < 0.05). Melanoma is one of the most invasive and deadly forms of skin cancer, and only a few agents are available for treating advanced disease to enable long-term patient survival. However, these agents are relatively ineffective, with overall response rates of 5–20%. This finding supports

the need for identifying new compounds that inhibit the pathways that are deregulated in melanoma (Eggermont and Robert, 2012 and Sharma et al., 2009). Anticancer drug development strategies are usually aimed at directly inhibiting the growth of the primary tumor or reducing the existing tumor burden. Therapeutic agents that can inhibit metastasis could be an option for preventing colonization, thereby enabling the containment of the primary tumors in a chemically manageable form (Pérez and Danishefsky, 2007 and Hedley et al., 2004). In this study, using melanoma cell lines as a model for invasion studies, we investigated the ability of biflorin, an ortho-naphthoquinone, to treat solid tumors. We also investigated the EMC substrates, Fibronectin and types I and IV collagen, and the expression of N-cadherin and AKT1.

5% of the contigs (Table 2). These data generated from the mantle of P. maximus form a valuable addition to those generated from hemocytes of the same species ( Pauletto et al., 2014) and, in a

more general context, to the transcriptomes generated for other molluscs including the Yesso scallop Patinopecten yessoensis ( Hou et al., 2011), Mytilus galloprovincialis ( Craft et al., 2010), Laternula elliptica ( Clark et al., 2010), Meretrix selleck kinase inhibitor meretrix ( Huan et al., 2012), Ruditapes philippinarum ( Milan et al., 2011), Haliotis midae ( Franchini et al., 2011), several pearl oysters ( Huang et al., 2013) and the oyster genome data ( Zhang et al., 2012), thus increasing the sequence resource available for commercially important shellfish species and for researchers investigating shell deposition processes in molluscs. The sequence data for this transcriptome has been deposited in the GenBank SRA, accession number: SRP040427. The contigs, and the annotation for those contigs with a match of 1e − 10 and lower, are available from http://ramadda.nerc-bas.ac.uk/repository/entry/show/Polar+Data+Centre/NERC-BAS+Datasets/Genomics/. This study was funded by grants from the Région Bretagne, i.e. the

Pemadapt project (ref. 6368) and a doctoral fellowship to S.A. (Protmar project, ref. 6197). This study was also supported by a Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) grant to Lloyd Peck (NE/G018) and the British Antarctic Survey Polar Sciences for Planet Earth programme, which is also funded by the Natural Environment Research Council. Two French National Research Agency Selleck PF-01367338 (ANR) programmes also supported our research: COMANCHE (ANR-2010-STRA-010) and LabexMER (ANR-10-LABX-19-01). “
“Three congeners of the salmonid fish family with high commercial value were under study Sitaxentan to identify species-specific markers for a validated species determination: Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo salar and Salmo trutta. The latter ones are common in Polish marine waters, whereas O. mykiss is only represented in this region in hatcheries. Difficulties in species identification may result in non-sustainable

salmon fisheries leading to imbalances in the ecosystem. The development of easy tests by means of molecular markers will therefore help in monitoring fishery activities as well as natural stock development. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been used for ecological and conservational studies and have proven very useful for differentiating individuals, populations and species. A species-specific SNP-microarray initially comprised of 15163 loci was constructed and then optimized to 7000 markers for functional genes of S. salar in CIGENE, Norway. It has been used in studies of differences between farmed and wild Atlantic salmon ( Karlsson et al., 2011), genetic architecture of North Atlantic populations ( Bourret et al., 2013), and characterization of SNPs in S. trutta populations from the Southern Baltic Sea ( Drywa et al., 2013).

Hp 83Kr applications in pulmonary research were thus far limited to low resolution MRI [13] and [14] and to spatially unresolved relaxation measurements in rat lungs [15]. The objective of this work was to omit cryogenic separation in the hp noble gas production process for pulmonary MRI. The ‘cryogenics-free’ concept [16] is beneficial for reducing the complexity, and therefore the costs, of the hp 129Xe production. Furthermore, this concept is crucial for biomedical hp 83Kr MRI since quadrupolar relaxation causes Akt inhibitor the loss of the hyperpolarized spin state during cryogenic separation. The streamlined

hp 129Xe and hp 83Kr production procedure without cryogenic gas separation was tested in applications for MRI of excised rat lungs. The developmental work utilized ex vivo lungs in order to simplify experimental and regulatory procedures but the general concepts will be extendible to in vivo MRI. Low xenon concentrations are typically used for 129Xe SEOP because a high density of this noble gas is detrimental to the process. The noble gas is usually diluted to 1–5% in mixtures with molecular nitrogen or helium (i.e. 4He). In the case of helium as the diluting gas, approximately 2–5% N2 are added in the mixture to ensure radiation quenching [10] and [17]. The low xenon density in the SEOP gas mixture selleck chemicals enables high spin polarization to be generated and values with P > 60% have been

reported [6], [7] and [8]. However, the method necessitates cryogenic separation after SEOP with hp xenon accumulation in the frozen state at cryogenic temperatures (typically 77 K) and the removal of all other gases of the mixture through evacuation [18]. In analogy Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase to 129Xe SEOP, a low concentration of krypton is crucial for efficient SEOP of 83Kr. Despite the quadrupolar driven 83Kr T1 relaxation, a high spin polarization of P = 26% in

a gas mixture of 5% krypton and 95% N2 was obtained in stopped flow SEOP [10]. Unfortunately for hp 83Kr MRI, there is currently no practical method to separate or concentrate hp 83Kr from the gas mixture without substantial depolarization of its nuclear spin state. Fast quadrupolar driven T1 relaxation in the condensed state [19] and [20] prevents cryogenic separation of this isotope and the production process has to be realized without gas separation. The need for cryogenic separation is diminished if concentrated noble gas mixtures are used in low pressure SEOP. The associated detrimental effects of high xenon or krypton densities can partially be alleviated by low SEOP gas pressure [10], [21] and [22]. However, the pressure broadening of the alkali metal D1 transition is also reduced with lower SEOP pressures and therefore narrow laser linewidth are beneficial. Note that line narrowed diode array lasers with high power output are becoming increasingly available at affordable costs [23], [24] and [25].

While L-selectin expression was not altered by HQ intoxication (Fig. 6A), constitutive levels of β2 and β3 integrins and PECAM-1 were

significantly PI3K inhibitor enhanced in neutrophil membranes (Fig. 6B, C and D, respectively). In addition, levels of L-selectin, β2 and β3 integrins and PECAM-1 were enhanced after in vitro fMLP stimulation in neutrophils obtained from vehicle-exposed animals. In contrast, these enhancements were not observed in neutrophils collected from HQ-exposed mice ( Fig. 6B, C and D, respectively). Epidemiological studies have associated the pivotal role of environmental pollutants with the genesis of a variety of human diseases, and special attention has been paid to exposure to low concentrations of pollutants, even lower than those allowed by international regulatory agencies (NIOSH, OSHA). In this context, in vivo Ulixertinib research buy studies with experimental animals have contributed to extending our knowledge of mechanism of actions of toxicants. Based on the data presented here, we showed that low levels of in vivo exposure to HQ impairs LPS-induced host defense by interfering with blood neutrophil trafficking, notably modifying the expression of adhesion molecules. The American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and the National

Institute of Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) defines 2 mg/m3 (0.44 ppm) TWA for HQ (WHO, 1994 and NIOSH, 1994) as non hazardous exposure. Although we did not correlate human and animal exposures, it is conceivable that in this Nabilone study mice were subjected to low levels of HQ, as defined by the air concentrations in the exposure chamber (0.044 ppm). Our subsequent studies reinforced such point of view, by observations that relevant biochemical and biological end-points described in the literature for in vivo exposure to BZ or HQ, as the number of circulating leukocytes and their DNA integrity ( Bi et al., 2010, McGregor, 2007, Macedo et al., 2006 and Medeiros et al., 1997), were not affected by the experimental intoxication procedure

employed here. In vitro exposure to HQ causes oxidative damage in different cell types, including leukocytes, and DNA lesions are employed as toxic end points ( Ji et al., 2009, Varkonyi et al., 2006, Gaskell et al., 2004, Gaskell et al., 2005a and Gaskell et al., 2005b). The mechanism is based on HQ biotransformation into semiquinones via redox cycling which induces ROS production, including superoxide anion radical (O2 −), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO ) and hydroxyl radical (OH ) ( Winn, 2003). Here, we demonstrated that even low concentrations of in vivo exposure to aerosolized HQ evoked the activation of oxidative pathways, as measured by plasma MDA levels and ROS production by circulating cells. Nevertheless, oxidative stress was not accompanied by DNA fragmentation.

Clinical signs of gingivitis range from oedema, abnormal staining of normal gums, unusual

redness, and loss of normal contour of gingival.7 Periodontitis is defined as an inflammatory disease that involves the tissues of dental support, leading to irreversible alveolar bone resorption and destruction of the collagen fibres of the periodontal ligament. Selleck SB431542 The severity and progression of this disease is influenced by local or systemic conditions or from both a combination of both.8 Local factors are associated with poor oral hygiene, the presence of cavities, and the presence of dentures that can cause plaque accumulation. Systemic factors are related to the metabolism of the host, immunosuppressive therapy, malnutrition, diabetes mellitus and HIV infection (Table 1 and Table 2).7 A complex microbiota can be found in the periodontal pocket affected by the disease, where approximately 500 species of bacteria can occur, amongst them are A. actinomycetemcomitans, and other microorganisms such as Entamoeba sp., virus, some Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas sp., and Candida species. 9, 10, 11 and 12 This fact has led to

an extensive study of microbiological samples from periodontal lesions, especially in cases where there is a poor response to conventional treatment. In many Nintedanib solubility dmso of these cases, fungi have been found colonizing the periodontal pockets. There are several reports associating the occurrence of severe periodontitis with the isolation of Candida species from periodontal lesions. 13 and 14 However, the clinical significance of these observations and the role of microorganisms in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases are not well understood. Many scientific investigations have been performed in order to extend the knowledge in this area. 15 However, the presence of fungi in periodontal pockets has not yet received the necessary focus to understand its role as periodontal pathogens, although they have been recognized for their ability to adhere to the epithelium, express virulence factors and induce inflammatory reactions. 16 The treatment of

periodontal many disease includes scaling and root planning (SRP) associated with proper oral hygiene. However, some patients may have negative responses to different therapeutic procedures, with a attachment loss, so the use of antimicrobials is needed as an adjuvant to SRP treatment.17 The use of a broad-spectrum antibiotic, such as tetracycline and metronidazole, as an aid in periodontal treatment has also been a factor for the development of superinfections by resistant bacteria and Candida species. 18 and 19 The use of a broad-spectrum antibiotic, such as tetracycline and metronidazole, as an aid in periodontal treatment associated with SRP has been recommended for the treatment of periodontal disease.

Since IPASS reported, laboratories have gained experience of using existing EGFR mutation detection techniques on a spectrum of samples with varying tumor content and sample quality. Small biopsies and cytology samples

make up ∼30–80% of available diagnostic material, depending on diagnostic practices between different hospitals and countries [12], therefore their successful testing is paramount to ensure this sizeable PLX4032 mw proportion of patients are given the opportunity to receive optimal treatment. The percentage of mutation testing that occurs using cytology samples can be very variable however, and is currently not consistent across institutions or countries [13]. Smouse et al’s retrospective review of EGFR sequencing over a two year period at a US hospital noted that only 12/239 (5%) specimens tested for EGFR mutation were cytological in origin [13], with focus given to the testing

of high-quality tumor tissue samples. Conversely, Hagiwara et al. recently noted that ∼40% of samples submitted for EGFR mutation testing across three major commercial test centers in Japan were of cytological check details origin [14], further commenting that this high percentage highlights that cytological samples are indispensable for testing all patients with advanced NSCLC. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether cytology/histology samples that were not included in the IPASS pre-planned exploratory biomarker analyses could be used successfully to define EGFR mutation status and predict which patients were more likely to respond to EGFR-TKI treatment. We describe data generated from pathology review and mutation analysis of the previously unanalyzed histology samples and previously unanalyzed cytology samples, with the aim of testing the outcome of patients with NSCLC as per the study protocol, but by looking at the full spectrum of samples that are available from this population

of patients. These data will help to inform the most appropriate thresholds for further trials, as well as the utility of samples received by diagnostic laboratories on a daily basis. Full details of IPASS (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00322452) have been published previously [4] and [5]. Patients were eligible for Selleck 5-Fluoracil inclusion into the study if they had histologically or cytologically confirmed stage IIIB or IV pulmonary adenocarcinoma (including bronchoalveolar carcinoma), were never-smokers (<100 cigarettes in their lifetime) or former light smokers (stopped smoking ≥15 years previously and smoked ≤10 pack-years), and had received no prior chemotherapy, biologic therapy, or immunologic therapy. Patients provided written informed consent with separate consent for the optional assessment of EGFR biomarkers. The study protocol was approved by independent ethics committees at each institution.

As a secondary aim, we investigated whether

obesity parameters and the liver were affected by fructose feeding alone, using water-fed rats selleckchem as a control group. Bisphenol A (BPA), (80-05-7, (CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2, ≥99% purity), fructose (C6H12O6, ≥99% purity), Griess modified reagent, ZnSO4, and VCl3 were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO. NaNO3 was purchased from Merck chemicals, Darmstadt, Germany. The animal study was approved by the Uppsala Animal Ethical Committee and followed the guidelines laid down by the Swedish Legislation on Animal Experimentation (Animal Welfare Act SFS1998:56) and European Union Legislation (Convention ETS123 and Directive 86/609/EEC). Sixty female F 344 rats at 3 weeks of age were purchased from Charles River International, Salzfeld, Germany, and housed 3 rats/cage at Uppsala University Hospital animal facility in a temperature-controlled and humidity-controlled room with a 12-h light/dark cycle. To minimize background BPA exposure Polysulfone IV cages (Eurostandard IV) and glass water bottles were used. The rats were fed a standard pellet RM1 diet (ad lib.) from NOVA-SCB, Sollentuna, Sweden. RM1 is a natural ingredient diet with a low level of phytoestrogens (100–200 μg/g)

(Jensen and Ritskes-Hoitinga, 2007 and Odum et al., 2001). During the two-week acclimatization period preceding the ten-week intervention all animals were given water to drink and during the intervention water or 5% fructose solution (see Section 2.3). At 5 weeks of age the rats were assigned to five groups (12 rats/group); water control (W), fructose control PD98059 in vivo (F), low dose BPA (0.025 mg/L), medium dose BPA (0.25 mg/L) or high dose BPA (2.5 mg/L). To avoid unnecessary stress no cage-mates were separated, but the cages were allocated to the different groups to achieve equality in weights in all groups. Food and liquid consumption in each cage and individual weight of the rats were determined once a week. Before

MRI exam, the rats were anesthetized with Ketalar 90 mg/kg bw (Pfizer, New York, NY) and Rompun 10 mg/kg bw (Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany). Immediately after the scanning they were killed by exsanguinations from the abdominal aorta while still under anesthesia. To prepare BPA exposure solutions (0.025, 0.25 and 2.5 mg/L), three stock solutions of BPA in 1% ethanol Isotretinoin (2.5 mg/L, 25 mg/L and 250 mg/L) were diluted 1:100 in 5% fructose solution. The low dose was chosen to be well below the recommended TDI, the medium dose corresponding to TDI (50 μg/kg and day), while the highest dose was ten times this level. The BPA was analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry by the Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine in Lund, Sweden. The division is a European reference laboratory in the DEMOCOPHES EU project (www.eu-hbm.info/democophes) for analysis of BPA. The BPA concentrations in analyzed samples of the solutions were: water control – 0.

On the other hand, only in G1 phase, PHT was active in all concentrations tested. This implies that G1 phase seen to be more sensitive to PHT effects. The cytotoxicity observed in the present study corroborate the findings of previous works, where PHT was shown to be cytotoxic in tumor cell lines (Liou et al., 2002, Alvarez et al., 2009, Barbosa et al., 2009 and Magalhães et al., 2011). Interestingly, like others tubulin inhibitors, PHT

induced an increase in mitotic index in experimental protocols without colchicine. The accumulation of metaphase cells in cultures lacking colchicine corroborates its action as an antitubulin agent. Raf activation Although antitubulin agents do not directly interact with

DNA, they exert aneugenic, clastogenic and recombinagenic effects (Lee et al., 2003, Digue et al., 1999 and Rodríguez-Arnaiz et al., 2004). In fact, a considerable increase in the frequency of CAs was found in cells exposed to PHT in all phases of the cell cycle analyzed, where chromatid gaps and chromatid breaks were the most frequent CAs. Chromosome and/or chromatid breaks and gaps were scored as chromosome aberrations in this study. Some studies showed that counting gaps can be subjective, and they may be the result of technical artifacts, of variability within the same culture, and Autophagy inhibitors library of variability in the culture conditions (Schinzel and Schmid, 1976 and Brogger, 1982). However, Paz-y-Mino et al. (2002) obtained results indicating that gaps are indicative of DNA damage, which supports their inclusion in the analysis of CAs. Surprisingly, polyploid and endoreduplicated cells were not increased with any of the concentrations

tested, suggesting that PHT does not affect mitotic spindle formation. This effect may only be observed at high concentrations. Although inhibition of mitotic progression correlates with genotoxicity of antitubulin agents, the pathways involved remain unclear (Mollinedo and Gajate, 2003). Paclitaxel was found to be a strong in vitro aneugenic drug in human normal cells at therapeutic doses ( Digue et al., 1999). In another report, this agent produced both structural chromosome aberrations through clastogenic activities and mitotic recombination through DNA interactions in the w/w+ somatic assay GBA3 in D. melanogaster ( Rodríguez-Arnaiz et al., 2004). Vincristine induced genotoxicity and bone marrow toxicity in mice and rats based on evaluations of micronucleus assay data reported previously ( Witt et al., 2008). Additionally, vincristine-induced chromosomal damage is primarily numerical in nature (chromosome loss) and results from impaired microtubule assembly and subsequent chromosome malsegregation and loss ( Eastmond and Tucker, 1989). In conclusion, the present study indicates that PHT produces DNA-damage and clastogenic effects in human lymphocytes.

The dissipation formulation for bottom friction is based on the empirical JONSWAP model by Hasselmann et al. (1973) with a constant

dissipation coefficient 17-AAG price of −0.067. For the depth-induced wave breaking, the formulation of Battjes and Janssen (1978) was implemented. The wind input function and whitecapping dissipation function are based on the formulation of Makin and Stam (2003). In conditions when the waves run opposite to the wind direction the formulation by Young and Sobey (1985) was used. The corresponding dissipation function has been formulated according to Makin and Stam (2003). At the ISAC-CNR (Italy) a numerical weather prediction chain is implemented. The model framework comprises the hydrostatic model BOLAM and the non-hydrostatic model MOLOCH, nested in BOLAM. The initial and boundary conditions are derived from

the analyses (00 UTC) and forecasts of the GFS (NOAA/NCEP, USA) global Selleckchem Anticancer Compound Library model http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/GFS. BOLAM is operated with a horizontal grid spacing of 0.10 deg in rotated coordinates (spatial resolution about 11 km), with 50 vertical levels. Moist deep convection is parameterized using the Kain–Fritsch convective scheme, updated on the basis of the revision proposed by Kain (2004) and completely recoded imposing conservation of liquid water static energy. Moreover, additional modifications with respect to the Kain, 2004 version were introduced in order to stabilize a little more efficiently the lower troposphere. The BOLAM Demeclocycline model provides forecasts up to 3 days in advance over a domain which comprises Europe and the whole Mediterranean Sea. The non-hydrostatic

MOLOCH model has a horizontal grid spacing of 0.021 deg, corresponding to 2.3 km, with 54 vertical levels. Moist deep convection is computed explicitly using direct simulation of the microphysical processes (Drofa and Malguzzi, 2004). MOLOCH forecasts are provided up to 48 h over Italy. See Buzzi et al., 1994, Malguzzi et al., 2006 and Richard et al., 2007 for further details about the BOLAM and MOLOCH models. The BOLAM and MOLOCH data (namely 10 m wind and mean sea level pressure) is made available at hourly frequency for the duration of the respective forecast intervals, starting at 00 UTC of each day (03 for MOLOCH), on the original model grids. Such meteorological forcing are then interpolated on the finite element marine models grid. For the first two days of forecast the interpolated fields are obtained combining the MOLOCH data over the Italian peninsula and the BOLAM data for the remaining Mediterranean region. The BOLAM model provides all data for the third day of forecast. The GFS data (available at 0.5 deg resolution) is used to force the oceanographic model during the fourth day of forecast.

Historically, ocean transparency has been most often measured using Secchi disk as a useful index of water quality. Doron et al. (2011) adapted Lee’s algorithm to estimate Secchi depth from satellite ocean color data using an extensive set of coincident satellite

and in situ measurements (>400 matchups) from both coastal and oceanic waters. A recent study evaluated KdPAR, Z1% and Kd490, derived with three bio-optical algorithms applied to Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) observations, using optical data from the coastal waters off South Florida and the Caribbean Sea ( Zhao et al., 2013). The algorithm by Lee ABT-263 molecular weight et al. (2007) showed the overall best performance, while empirical algorithms performed well for clear offshore waters but underestimated KdPAR and Kd490 in coastal waters. Zhao et al. (2013) suggested

their findings lay the basis for synoptic time-series studies of water quality in coastal ecosystems, although more work is required to minimize bottom interference in optically shallow waters. This study uses a new approach to assess IWR 1 the relationships between the terrestrial runoff of freshwater and its associated fine sediments and nutrients to the daily to inter-annual variation in water clarity, using the central section of the shallow GBR continental shelf as a model system. The study was based on 10 years of remote sensing and environmental data (2002–2012), a new GBR-validated photic depth algorithm for MODIS-Aqua data (Weeks et al., 2012) and statistical models. The study shows that annual mean water clarity in the central GBR is strongly related to discharges by the large

Burdekin River. The study then assessed the spatial extent (inshore to ∼120 km offshore) and the duration of reduction in water clarity beyond the duration of the flood plumes. The results suggest that reductions in the sediment and nutrient loads of the Burdekin River will likely result in significantly improved water clarity downstream of the river mouth and across much of the central GBR, both during Farnesyltransferase the wet season and throughout the following dry season. Water clarity was calculated by applying a GBR-validated ‘photic depth’ algorithm to MODIS-Aqua, i.e., determining the depth where 10% of the surface light level is still available (GBR Z10%). The method is fully described in Weeks et al. (2012). In brief: GBR Z10% was calculated with the algorithm of Lee et al., 2002 and Lee et al., 2007 based on the regression coefficients of satellite data against GBR Secchi depth data. Many of the >5000 records of Secchi depth (collected by the Australian Institute of Marine Science and the Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries between 1994–1999 and 1992–2012) pre-dated the MODIS-Aqua satellite data (2002–2012), hence both MODIS-Aqua and SeaWiFS data (1997–2010) were used.