Eight physiotherapists and four physiotherapy assistants participated in the study. The physiotherapists ranged in experience from one

to 14 years post-graduation and the physiotherapy assistants had between two and 10 years of experience. Physiotherapists were managing caseloads of a mean of 8 patients (SD 2). The participants had a mean (SD) age of 68 (13) years, 9 (64%) were male, 7 (50%) had a right-sided stroke lesion, 6 (43%) had a left-sided lesion and 1 (7%) had a bilateral stroke. The average duration of physiotherapy inhibitors sessions was 55.6 (23.4) minutes (range 19 to 90) (Table see more 1). There was strong agreement between therapist-estimated and video-recorded total therapy times (ICC = 0.90, see Table 1), however there was a systematic overestimation of total

therapy time by the therapists, mean difference 7.7 (SD 10.5) minutes (95% CI http://www.selleckchem.com/screening/pi3k-signaling-inhibitor-library.html 4.6 to 10.8). The Bland-Altman plot (Figure 1) for total therapy time presents this systematic overestimation. Similarly, there was strong agreement between therapistestimated and video-recorded time for total active time in therapy sessions (ICC = 0.83, see Table 1) with a systematic overestimation of total active time by the therapists, mean difference 14.1 (SD 10.3) minutes, 95% CI 11.1 to 17.1 ( Figure 2). However, there was less agreement between therapist-estimated and video-recorded inactive time (ICC = 0.62, see Table 1), and therapists systematically underestimated the amount of time patients were inactive during therapy sessions, mean difference –6.9 Thymidine kinase (SD 9.5) minutes, 95% CI –9.7 to –4.1 ( Figure 3). Comparing the influence of session type (individual versus group) using percentage mean difference,

there was no difference in the accuracy of estimations of total active time between individual (28%) and circuit class therapy (28%) sessions, but therapists tended to underestimate inactive time in circuit class therapy sessions (37%) to a greater extent than in individual therapy sessions (29%) (Table 2). In terms of the various subcategories of activity, ICC scores ranged from 0.73 to 0.99 for all of the categories except for ‘transfers and sit-to-stand practice’, which had a low ICC score of 0.37, indicating only a fair agreement between therapists’ estimations and video recordings (Table 3). As with the total active time, therapists tended to overestimate the time patients spent engaged in the various physical activity categories. The magnitude of this overestimation varied, but in some cases was as high as 63%. This is the largest study to date to investigate the accuracy of therapists in recording therapy time, and the only such study to involve multiple data collection centres and to include group therapy as well as individual therapy sessions.

Those who answered ‘yes’ were asked to indicate the

location of their pain, which was noted by DH on a diagram of the body included in the questionnaire. Vemurafenib The lower limb was divided into the following regions: hip, knee, ankle, foot, anterior upper leg, posterior upper leg, anterior lower leg, and posterior lower leg. A medical expert with local language skills performed monitoring visits throughout data collection to ensure questions were being translated correctly. Then, an observation walk was conducted with the village leader and village health worker. This involved walking through the village and surrounding farmlands, and listing the presence of factors that could contribute to lower limb pain. Villagers were included if they were over 15 years old. In each village, a minimum of 26 people were interviewed. If the household containing the 26th person had

further eligible people, these people were also interviewed. In order to detect a prevalence of lower limb pain of 20%, with 80% power, a p value of 0.05, and taking into account the effect of cluster sampling (design factor = 2), the required sample size was 492. Data were analysed by SB431542 calculating proportions for data not derived from simple random samples. In order to examine the pattern of lower limb musculoskeletal pain further, the group was divided by age (people aged 15 to 49 years vs those 50 years or older) and by gender. Point and 12-month prevalence were calculated for each of these subgroups. tuclazepam The effect of cluster sampling was taken into account when calculating the confidence intervals. Odds ratios (95% CI) were calculated for the differences between gender and age. Information from the observation walks was grouped into common themes by the researchers, village leaders, and health workers. Factors that may contribute to the prevalence of lower limb musculoskeletal pain are reported descriptively. In total, 499 people aged 15 years or over were interviewed across 19 villages.

All people visited agreed to participate, and their characteristics are Modulators presented in Table 1. Of the participants 307 (62%) were female. The mean age of females was 43 years (SD 16) and of males was 42 years (SD 16). When stratified by decade, the most common age group was 30 to 39 years. The point prevalence of lower limb pain was 40% (95% CI 34 to 46). The point prevalence of knee pain was 25% (95% CI 20 to 30) which was significantly higher than pain at any other site in the lower limb. There was no significant difference between the other sites in point prevalence of pain. The twelve-month prevalence was only marginally higher at 48% (95% CI 42 to 54) for lower limb pain and similar at 29% (95% CI 23 to 35) for knee pain. The odds of females having current ankle pain were 1.9 (95% CI 1.0 to 3.5) times that of males (Table 2).

Additionally, FomA has been recognized as a major immunogen of F. nucleatum [16] and [17]. Intriguingly, it has been reported that FomA is involved in binding between fusobacteria and Streptococcus sanguis on the tooth-surface and to Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis)

in the periodontal pockets [18], supporting the view that FomA acts as a receptor protein in co-aggregation with other oral pathogenic bacteria. Thus, FomA is a potential target for the prevention of bacterial co-aggregation. Selleck Epacadostat Classical treatments for periodontal diseases involve not only mechanical and antibiotic therapies but also surveillances on dynamic processes including the periodontopathogenic bacteria and the host responses. Chemical antiseptics are also used for treatments of periodontitis and halitosis. However, most of the chemical antiseptics fail to cure chronic, severe periodontitis and halitosis. Treatments using multiple doses of antibiotics to cure infection-induced periodontitis and halitosis have risks of generating resistant GDC-0068 in vivo strains and misbalancing the resident

body flora [19]. In addition, even though bacteria in the dental biofilm can Libraries invade the periodontal tissues, most of bacteria located in the dental biofilm and outside the host tissues are inaccessible to antibiotics. The treatments of periodontitis and halitosis have not been significantly improved during the past 40 years due to the lack of focus on the awareness that these diseases are polymicrobial diseases as opposed to mono-infections. Vaccines targeting oral bacteria [such as Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) for dental caries; P. gingivalis ever for periodontitis] are currently being evaluated [20] and [21]. However, these vaccines cannot combat the enhanced pathogenesis (e.g. co-aggregation/biofilms) by F. nucleatum. Since the plaque biofilm is a common feature for almost all oral

bacteria, blocking the bacterial co-aggregation at an early stage in biofilm formation will broadly prevent various biofilm-associated oral diseases including periodontitis and halitosis [22]. In the study, we demonstrate that F. nucleatum FomA is immunogenic, and that mice immunized with FomA produce neutralizing antibodies which prevent bacterial co-aggregation and, also gum abscesses and halitosis associated with co-aggregation. Moreover, immunization with FomA conferred a protective effect on bacteria-induced gum swelling and decreased the production of macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) cytokine. These findings envision a novel infectious mechanism by which F. nucleatum interacts with P. gingivalis to aggravate oral infections. Moreover, this work has identified FomA as a potential molecular target for the development of drugs and vaccines against biofilm-associated oral diseases. F. nucleatum (ATCC® 10953) and P. gingivalis (ATCC® 33277) were cultured in 4% (w/v) trypticase soy broth (TSB, Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) supplemented with 0.

Dans une étude pilote récente, Kalinchenko et al. [84] ont mis en évidence dans quelques cas un effet bénéfique de la substitution par androgènes sur le processus de cicatrisation de lésions artérielles du pied chez le diabétique, résultat qui pourrait être lié à un effet non génomique de la testostérone sur la paroi vasculaire [85]. Au nombre

des facteurs sur lesquels repose la décision de s’abstenir ou au contraire de mise en route d’une androgénothérapie dans ces situations doit s’inscrire le fait que l’obtention d’une réduction pondérale substantielle ou d’un meilleur équilibre du diabète sont susceptibles par eux-mêmes d’atténuer ou de faire disparaître un hypogonadisme que l’on pourrait considérer comme fonctionnel. Néanmoins, cette évolution qui ne peut avoir qu’une influence positive sur la Modulators fonction testiculaire endocrine, n’est sans doute pas suffisante à elle seule dans une majorité de cas, ce qui amène alors www.selleckchem.com/products/abt-199.html à discuter, dans un deuxième temps, l’intérêt d’une substitution par androgènes. Dans une étude longitudinale de cinq ans, Saad et al. [86] ont rapporté que le traitement par undécanoate de testostérone d’obèses dont la testostéronémie initiale moyenne était < 3 ng/mL aurait été suivi d’une perte de poids moyenne de 16 kg, ramenant l’IMC de 33 à 29 kg/m2. Les mêmes auteurs ont rapporté que SCR7 molecular weight la substitution par testostérone majorait significativement les effets bénéfiques pondéraux et métaboliques

de la diététique et de l’exercice physique [86]. Obésité, SMet et DT2 s’accompagnent fréquemment d’un déficit androgénique. À taux physiologiques, la testostérone exerce des effets bénéfiques sur l’insulino-sensibilité, la composition Montelukast Sodium corporelle, les paramètres du SMet, la production de cytokines

pro-inflammatoires et la fonction des cellules endothéliales. Pour ces raisons, la détection d’un déficit androgénique apparaît justifiée chez les obèses, les patients atteints d’un SMet ou de DT2. Le dépistage systématique d’un déficit gonadique chez le patient diabétique, qui fait désormais partie des recommandations de l’American Diabetes Association, sera d’autant plus à réaliser qu’existent des symptômes cliniques pouvant lui être attribués. Dans ce cas, une démarche similaire apparaît souhaitable chez le patient obèse ou au profil de SMet. La compensation du déficit androgénique chez le patient obèse ayant a fortiori un profil de SMet ou un DT2 pourrait offrir de réels avantages potentiels. L’objectif du traitement serait alors de situer le taux de testostérone plasmatique dans la moitié supérieure de la norme pour la tranche d’âge. L’initiation d’un tel traitement nécessite bien évidemment d’avoir au préalable affirmé une baisse anormale du taux de testostérone plasmatique, d’avoir écarté ses contre-indications absolues (notamment prostatiques) et d’établir une étroite surveillance de la tolérance et de l’efficacité de cette substitution.

HIV envelope proteins are notoriously poorly immunogenic. Contrary to our previously conducted rabbit experiments GDC-0941 supplier [14] prior experiments in mice have indicated that i.vag as a sole route of administration for CN54gp140 alone does not elicit

detectable immune responses (unpublished data). As a result we selected a heterologous prime-boost regimen, increasingly prevalent in HIV vaccine research [21]. Remarkably, all topically administered i.vag formulations boosted sub-cutaneously primed mice, importantly in the absence of adjuvant. Of the responses detected locally within the vagina we cannot rule out, as has been reported in HIV infection [22], that serum transudation contributed. Nevertheless, the LSDF inserts have been shown to be a viable delivery modality for i.vag immunization. With respect to immunogenicity the study data indicated that in the case of the mouse model the LSDFs were not offering any additional benefits over i.vag administration of CN54gp140 formulated within PBS buffer alone. Perhaps with the exception

of lyophilized Carbopol® that may be prolonging or augmenting CN54gp140-specific systemic humoral effector immune Raf phosphorylation responses. The formulation (lyo-PC3HEC250HHX5PVP4) with the slowest release induces the lowest response, whereas the formulation (lyo-Carbopol®) with the fastest release closest to the PBS alone scenario marginally prolongs or augments the response. How translational this may be to other animal models, in particular NHPs and more importantly to humans is yet to be determined but this may be indicative that sustained release is not required rather an initial high burst release may suffice. The perceived benefits such as enhanced retention that drive such formulation development with respect to improving immune responses may not be wholly realised due to the size restrictions of the murine vaginal lumen. However although the LSDFs did not augment immune responses in comparison to those following administration of antigen in

PBS alone the problems associated with human i.vag no administration of vaccines in simple buffer solutions are not to be underestimated. As such the LSDFs that elicited comparable immune responses to those of the PBS group have the potential to provide additional attributes for vaginal mucosal vaccine delivery in humans. LSDFs can be self-administered with relative ease using conventional solid dosage vaginal applicators, compared to the instillation of buffers and to the administration of semi-solids, thus promoting higher acceptability and enhanced user compliance. The stability advantages have the potential to eliminate the requirement for cold-chain Modulators storage, and the reduction in weight associated with the removal of water could reduce constraints on distribution including expense.

The majority of local and systemic reactions

were mild and transient. There were no SAEs deemed to be related to vaccine. Results from this study add further support to the overall safety study profile of LJEV when given alone or with measles vaccine. At their June 2013 meeting, the Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety, convened by WHO, reviewed updated safety information on the LJEV, including from this study, and concluded that the LJEV has an “excellent” safety profile [17]. Many new JE vaccines have emerged on the global market in the past 5 years. The comparative advantages of LJEV for routine use in public sector markets include its single dose schedule, affordable price, and demonstrated effectiveness. Studies in China have shown protective efficacy of 96–98% up to 17 years after a two-dose regimen [18]. A study from Nepal also reported protection of 99.6% after a single dose given within one week of an outbreak [19], and follow-up studies in that population http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ve-821.html have demonstrated continued high protection (98.5%) 12–15 months after vaccination

[20] and 5 years after vaccination (96.2%) [21]. A recent study in Nepal after mass campaigns with LJEV further demonstrates the vaccine’s impact on substantially reducing laboratory-confirmed JE and acute encephalitis syndrome cases [22]. In addition to Sri Lanka, 10 other Asian countries have national or subnational JE vaccine programs, of which China, India, Nepal and Cambodia also crotamiton utilize the LJEV vaccine [2]. In October of 2013, the WHO prequalified LJEV for procurement by United Nations agencies, and in November 2013, the GAVI Alliance opened EGFR inhibitor a window of funding for Japanese encephalitis vaccine that will allow countries to submit proposals for financial support of JE vaccine campaigns. These historic decisions provide the Libraries opportunity to further the use of JE vaccine across Asia and the Pacific and provide protection to all children at risk of this devastating disease. This study, under PATH protocol JEV03/04, was designed, managed, conducted, and analyzed by PATH in collaboration with the investigators

and under the supervision of the Sri Lanka Ministry of Healthcare and Nutrition. The authors acknowledge the volunteers and their families because without their participation this research would not have been possible. At the Ministry Of Healthcare and Nutrition, we acknowledge Dr. S. Dissanayake, Dr. S. Kariyawasam, and Dr. R. Batuwanthudawe. In the District of Colombo, we thank Medical Officers of Health, Dr. S.D. Abeysinghe, Dr. W.B.R. Gunawardena, Dr. M.M.J. Dharmadasa, and Dr. W.P.S. Gunarathna, as well as Dr. I. Pinnaduwa and N. Pannilahetti. We also thank physician research assistants, G.N. Dahanayake, V.S. Dharmakulasinghe, P.R.N. Jayakody, W.A. Karunarathna, S.K. Mahanama, T.D. Perera, I.A. Samarasekara, and C. de Silva, and public health nursing sisters, J.M.A. Chandrasili, M.G.S. Epa, W.A.C. Jayasooriya, G.A.B. Mulin, S.K. Nanayakkara, H.A.J.

The degree of airway inflammatory cell infiltration was scored

in a double-blind fashion by two independent investigators. Lung lesions were scored semiquantitatively as described by other researchers [13]. The severity of inflammation was evaluated by assigning a value of 0 point for normal; 1 point for few cells; 2 points Adriamycin in vitro for a ring of inflammatory cells 1 cell layer deep; 3 points for a ring of inflammatory cells 2 to 4 cells deep; 4 points for a ring of inflammatory cells of >4 cells deep. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained by instilling and collecting two aliquots of 1 ml each of PBS through an adapter cannula inserted through rings of the exposed trachea of euthanized mice 24 h after final challenge with OVA. BALF was pooled to obtain one sample for each mouse. Erythrocytes were lysed, and the remaining cells were cytocentrifuged 2500 rpm for 5 min. Total cell numbersin the BALF were determined using a standard hemocytometer.

Differential cell counts were performed based on standard morphological and staining characteristics of at least 250 cells per sample. Supernatant was stored at −80 °C. All slides were characterized Sorafenib price by a single blinded examiner to eliminate bias. Cytokine concentrations in BALF were measured with commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions. ELISA kits used for the measurement of IFN-γ, IL-5, and IL-10 were TCL purchased from Sizhengbai (Beijing, China), ELISA kits for detection of IL-4 and TGF-β was purchased from Xinbosheng (Beijing, China), and the IL-17A and IL-13 detection ELISA kits were purchased from Bender. The mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN) were removed and forced through a 70 μm

cell filter (BD, Bedford, MA, USA) to obtain single cell suspensions. Single cell suspensions in MLN were stained for surface-associated CD4(anti-CD4-FITC, BD Pharmingen, USA), CD3(anti-CD3-CyTM7, BD Pharmingen, USA), CD25(anti-CD25-PE, e Bioscience, USA), then fixed, permeabilized and stained for intracellular IFN-γ(anti-IFN-γ-PerCP-CyTM5.5,-BD Pharmingen, USA), IL-17A (anti-IL-17A-PE, BD Pharmingen, USA), IL-4(anti-IL-4-APC, BD Pharmingen, USA) and Foxp3 (anti-Foxp3-PE-Cy5, e Bioscience, USA) and analyzed by flow cytometry (FACS Canto, BD Biosciences, USA). Results were analyzed using inhibitors GraphPad Prism (version 5.0; GraphPad, La Jolla, CA) and expressed as mean ± s.e.m. Results were interpreted using either one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test, or two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni’s post hoc test. Differences were considered statistically significant when P < 0.05. OVA sensitization and challenge induced the development of AAD: total inflammatory cells, eosinophils and neutrophils accumulation in BALF were significantly higher compared with controls (14.58 ± 2.50 × 105 cells/mlvs 2.34 ± 0.36 × 105 cells/ml, 14.75 ± 1.

6 ± 5.3 mV and time to peak of 36.1 ± 16.3 ms. Consistent with previous results (Gruber and O’Donnell, 2009), ten-pulse, 50 Hz train stimulation of the PFC elicited a prolonged depolarization but rarely action potentials in VS MSNs (Figure 2A). Only 4 of 27 MSNs responded with action potential firing during the PFC train stimulation; the majority remained silent during

the PFC-evoked depolarization. buy PS-341 We evaluated MSN responses to fimbria stimulation before and following PFC burst stimulation. At a short, 50 ms latency following the final pulse in the PFC train stimulus, the amplitude of the fimbria-evoked EPSP (F2) was 1.7 ± 2.0 mV, a value significantly reduced compared to the fimbria-evoked EPSP recorded 500 ms prior to PFC stimulation (F1) (t(13) = 5.679; p < 0.0001; Figure 2A), find more without affecting time to peak. HP afferent stimulation 500 ms after the last pulse in the PFC train did not show a suppression relative to the F1 response (t(11) = 1.462; p = 0.17; Figure 2B). These data indicate that strong PFC activation similar to what is observed during instrumental behavior in awake animals transiently attenuates synaptic responses to HP afferents in VS MSNs.

Because PFC train stimulation evoked a sustained depolarization in MSNs, it is possible that the attenuation observed in F2 EPSPs resulted from the depolarization itself; the membrane potential may have neared the reversal potential of the fimbria-evoked response following the PFC stimulation. To evaluate this possibility, we assessed F1 and F2 EPSP magnitudes evoked at similar membrane potentials. We achieved these conditions either by considering F1 EPSPs evoked during spontaneous up states (eight neurons) or by injecting depolarizing current into those the recorded cells through the recording electrode (four neurons). We tailored the amount of current injected for each cell to adjust the

membrane potential to values similar to those evoked by the PFC train. When we compared F1 and F2 EPSPs recorded at similar membrane potentials, the amplitude of the F2 EPSP evoked 50 ms after the PFC train was still attenuated relative to that of the depolarized F1 EPSP (t(11) = 5.304; p < 0.0003; Figure 2C). These data suggest that depolarization-induced changes in ionic conductances are not responsible for the PFC-evoked attenuation of the F2 EPSP. Stimulating HP afferents twice within a few hundred milliseconds could suppress the second response independently of any effect of the intervening PFC stimulation. To address this possibility, we omitted the PFC train from the stimulus protocol in a subset of neurons (n = 6). In these cases, we found no difference in EPSP amplitude between the F1- and F2-evoked responses (t(5) = 0.506; p = 0.635; Figure 2D). Furthermore, a single-pulse PFC stimulus did not reduce the amplitude of the F2 EPSP evoked 50 ms after the PFC pulse (t(5) = 0.266; p = 0.80; Figure 2E).

e., Scatter and Shape). We hypothesize that profile Scatter will be

greater among ITS, because their intermittent smoking may reflect more specificity of motivation; that each ITS, perhaps idiosyncratically, will be driven PD-0332991 molecular weight by only a few motives but not others. In contrast, we expect DS to endorse many motives, which may help to explain why their smoking is so pervasive and resistant to change. Finally, our main hypotheses concern profile Shape – the relative importance of particular motives. Table 1 lists our hypotheses for which motives are likely to be more prominent in ITS vs. DS profiles, based on the expectation that motives tied closely to dependence will dominate DS profiles, while those more associated with specific,

situational motives, and with acute use, will dominate ITS profiles. In other words, DS are expected to show higher relative endorsement of PDM while ITS show higher relative endorsement of SDM. Using a similar approach, we previously found that chippers – who smoke at very low levels, though often daily – show a different profile from heavy smokers on questionnaires of smoking patterns and motives (Shiffman et al., 1994). Chippers emphasized social and sensory motives for smoking, whereas heavy smokers emphasized addiction and automaticity as motives. We expect similar CX 5461 patterns contrasting ITS and DS, but it is not clear whether non-daily smokers (ITS) studied at a time when such behavior is common, are similar to very light smokers (chippers) studied at a time when such behavior was very rare. ITS are a heterogeneous group. In particular, some ITS have never smoked daily (“native” ITS or NITS), while others have evolved to ITS from a history of having been daily smokers (“converted” ITS, or CITS;

Edwards et al., 2010, Nguyen and Zhu, 2009, Shiffman et al., 2012c and Tindle and Shiffman, 2011). CITS demonstrate greater dependence than NITS (Shiffman Methisazone et al., 2012b), including scores on the PDM and SDM subscales of the WISDM, but their profile of motives has not been compared. We expect that given their history of daily smoking, CITS will be more like DS, with flatter profiles (lower profile scatter), and profiles emphasizing dependence-related motives. Besides shedding light on ITS’ smoking motives, and differences between CITS and NITS, the present analyses can help validate the WISDM, and particularly the distinction between PDM and SDM. Since ITS are expected to be less motivated by classical dependence motives, the study represents a known-groups validation design. Observing that specific motives associated with PDM are relatively lower in ITS, and specific motives associated with SDM relatively higher in ITS, would help validate the WISDM constructs. Participants were volunteers recruited via media to participate in a non-cessation study on smoking patterns.

Seroprevalence of swine cysticercosis by antigen ELISA was 68.5% (404/590) and was disproportionate to the prevalence of all Taenia cysts detected by inspection. All but three of the inspection positive animals (three T. hydatigena positive pigs) were reactive in the ELISA; thereby providing evidence that the inspection results were specific, but not at all sensitive. Intestinal helminth studies in the Laos rarely describe the species of Taenia detected in stool ( Conlan et al., 2008), however Taenia tapeworms were partially identified to the species level in three recent studies. In a study on Opisthorchis viverrini infection ( Sayasone et al., 2009) in southern Laos, 23 tapeworms were recovered following praziquanltel

treatment and 18 were identified as T. saginata and the remaining five were not identified to the species level. The methods

used by Sayasone et al. (2009) to characterise the tapeworms were find more not reported. A similar study in Khammuane province in central Laos recovered 15 worms from 12 patients and all were morphologically identified as T. saginata ( Chai et al., 2009). T. asiatica Ivacaftor cost can be misclassified as T. saginata in the absence of molecular confirmation ( Anantaphruti et al., 2007) and caution should be exercised in interpreting data from the studies of Sayasone et al. (2009) and Chai et al. (2009) without the exclusion of T. asiatica from the differential diagnosis. The third study, conducted nationally, reported an overall taeniasis prevalence of 1.1% (408/37,090) from which 120 tapeworms were genetically and morphologically typed; three T. solium cases were identified from Luangprabang province in northern Laos ( Eom et al., 2009). To date, T. solium has only been reported in the north of the country whereas T. saginata has a national distribution, T. asiatica taeniasis has not yet been detected in Laos. T. solium taeniasis and cysticercosis PD184352 (CI-1040) have been confirmed in two regions of the Indonesian archipelago (see Willingham et al., 2010). In Bali, T. solium is endemic but transmission and prevalence seems to be on the decline ( Wandra et al., 2006, Wandra et al., 2007 and Sudewi et al., 2008). In Papua, T. solium appears

to be hyperendemic in at least two districts where seroprevalence levels in the human population are some of the highest in the world and endemic in a further two districts ( Salim et al., 2009). No other human Taenia species are known to be co-endemic in Papua ( Wandra et al., 2007). North Sumatra, Flores, Sulawesi and other regions are often reported in the literature to be endemic for T. solium, but there are no verifiable contemporary published data to support this assertion. T. solium taeniasis in humans or cysticercosis in pigs has not been reported from North Sumatra; rather, evidence indicates the area is endemic for T. asiatica ( Wandra et al., 2006 and Wandra et al., 2007) although this seems to be on the decline ( Ito et al., 2003). In Flores, published literature ( Simanjuntak et al.