However, the different ingested volume between the control Emricasan concentration and the GI trials could have an effect during exercise and this is something that needs further attention in future investigations.

Previous research LY3023414 nmr indicates a role of β-endorphin in metabolism and fatigue perception during exercise. For example, Fatouros et al. [4] manipulated the carbohydrate intake of rats and found a higher concentration of β-endorphin in plasma and hypothalamus indicating that this peptide is affected by nutritional factors at peripheral and central level. Furthermore, manipulating the levels of peripheral β-endorphin by infusion of this opioid resulted in significant changes in glucose levels and pancreatic hormones during exercise further indicating that β-endorphin has effects on carbohydrate metabolism [6, 7, 9]. Therefore, it was worth examining whether intake of carbohydrates of different quality (as far as glucose response Gemcitabine chemical structure is concerned) will result in different responses in β-endorphin at rest and/or during exercise. The results from the present study indicate that ingestion of different GI foods does not result in different β-endorphin levels at rest and during exercise. β-endorphin is rapidly responding to an intense bout of exercise [41]. It was hypothesized that differences in GI foods would affect metabolism

leading to different Methisazone glycogen levels allowing for higher work output. More intense work, in turn, could lead to different beta endorphin responses. This hypothesis was rejected since no differences in performance or beta endorphin levels were observed. One reason for the inability to observe significant differences

in β-endorphin at rest following the consumption of GI foods could be related to the amount of carbohydrate consumed. Subjects received carbohydrates equivalent to 1.5 g. kg-1 of body weight and it seems that this amount of carbohydrates is not enough to alter the response of the pituitary and hypothalamus in the release of β-endorphin. Only one other study examined the response of β-endorphin to carbohydrate and fat meals and found similar results with this study since β-endorphin response changed in the obese but not in individuals of normal weight [5]. β-Endorphin did not increase significantly until at the exhaustion time point. The inability of β-endorphin to increase during submaximal exercise could be related to the exercise intensity [10]. Previous research indicates that β-endorphin contributes to the modulation of pain perception and fatigue during exercise [42]. The results from this study revealed no differences in RPE and β-endorphin levels between the three trials contradicting the results from the aforementioned study.