“
“To improve durability

of Nafion(R) membranes, samples were modified via an in situ sol-gel polymerization Of titanium isopropoxide to generate titania quasi-networks in the polar domains. The incorporated titania reduced water uptake but equivalent weight was essentially unchanged. Fuel cell performance of the EX 527 concentration modified membrane was inferior to that of the unfilled membrane although these were considered as model Studies with focus on mechanical durability. Mechanical analysis of contractile stress buildup during drying from a swollen state in samples clamped at constant length demonstrated considerable reinforcement of Nafion(R) by the titania Structures. Tensile Studies showed that at 80 degrees C and 100%) relative humidity the dimensional change of the composite membrane is one half and the initial modulus is three times higher than that Of the unmodified membrane. During an open circuit voltage decay test the voltage decay rate for the modified membrane is 3.5 times lower than that of control Nafion(C). Fluoride emission for the composite is at least In order of magnitude

lower than that of the control Nafion(R) membrane indicating reduced chemical degradation. These model Studies indicate that this in situ inorganic modification offers a way to enhance fuel Cell membrane durability by reducing both physical and chemical degradation. Hedgehog inhibitor (C) 2009, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 113:3269-3278, 2009″
“X-ray photoelectron diffraction simulations using a real-space Selleck JIB04 approach are Shown to accurately produce the extraordinarily detailed photoelectron diffraction pattern from Cu111 at an electron kinetic energy of 523.5 eV. These same simulations show that most sensitivity is obtained when using low energy electrons at high angular resolution Structural differences are observed to be greatest around a kinetic energy of similar

to 100 eV and many of the features observed in the photoelectron diffraction patterns may be directly related to phenomena observed in low energy electron diffraction patterns from the same Surface. For Cu100. simulations of buckled surfaces with a Mn overlayer predict that low energy photoelectron diffraction can easily discriminate chemical and structural differences. Even the effects of the relaxed Surface of Cu100 is indeed observable along azimuthal scans around a kinetic energy of 100 eV Our results show that low energy photoelectron diffraction is extremely sensitive to changes in Surface Structure If high resolution patterns are acquired. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1 3253329]“
“The antioxidant concentrations and activities of tangerines, yuja, lemons, and oranges in the Korean marketplace have been investigated. Flesh and peel tissues of the fruit were analyzed.