Thus, despite less dependence and fewer cravings, low-level smokers were not more likely than heavier Volasertib Sigma smokers to quit smoking. The lesser levels of tobacco dependence reported by low-level smokers complement previous findings about ��chippers�� (nondaily and low-level smokers) who manifest less (or no) dependence on nicotine, as compared with heavier smokers (for a review of research, see Shiffman & Paty, 2006). However, the present study extends that research to Latinos. Low-level and light smokers differed significantly in self-reported tobacco dependence; low-level smokers reported less dependence than their light smoking counterparts. This finding highlights the importance of examining low-level and light smokers separately, at least among Spanish-speaking Latino smokers.

Given that smoking level was associated with 12 of the 13 subscales of the WISDM-68, the lack of association with the remaining subscale, social/environmental goads, is of particular interest. Social/environmental goads assess contextual influences on smoking (e.g., social motives for smoking, smoking in the presence of other smokers), and the lack of association suggests that low-level smokers may be as motivated as light and moderate/heavy smokers to smoke in response to environmental cues and social motives. These results complement findings that chippers smoke for social reasons, or to enhance the enjoyment of activities, rather than in response to physiological withdrawal symptoms (Shiffman, Kassel, Paty, Gnys, & Zettler-Segal, 1994; Shiffman & Paty, 2006).

Moreover, low-level smokers reported significantly less craving, both at baseline and during the quit attempt, than did light or moderate/heavy smokers, but they did not differ on any other withdrawal symptoms. Thus, results suggest that interventions for low-level Latino smokers need to be weighted more toward building the skills to combat smoking in response to social situations and activities, as well as altering environmental features to facilitate abstinence, rather than tolerating physiological dependence and craving. The potential efficacy of pharmacotherapy among low-level Latino smokers deserves serious study given the reduced tobacco dependence and craving among this segment of smokers. Smoking level was not associated with abstinence during the quit attempt.

This finding is notable because previous research indicates that low-level smokers are more likely than heavier smokers to maintain abstinence when quitting, perhaps due to reduced levels of, or the absence of, dependence on tobacco (cf. S. H. Zhu et al., 2003). Although low-level smokers Cilengitide were less dependent on tobacco and experienced less craving during the quit attempt than did light or moderate/heavy smokers, this did not translate into higher cessation rates.