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DFK, JCG and PGS selleck chemicals llc designed the study and drafted the manuscript. PGS carried out majority of the experiments. JCG carried out the apoptosis assays. MRB designed the PCR array experiments and helped in drafting the manuscript. CAG carried out the flow cytometry experiments. JP provided critical comments to improve the manuscript. All authors were involved in analyzing all the data, read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Geobacter metallireducens is a member of the Geobacteraceae, a family of Fe(III)-respiring Delta-proteobacteria

that are of interest for their role in cycling of carbon and metals in aquatic sediments and subsurface environments RVX-208 as well as the bioremediation of organic- and metal-contaminated groundwater and the harvesting of electricity from complex organic matter [1, 2]. G. metallireducens is of particular interest because it was the first microorganism found to be capable of a number of novel anaerobic processes including: (1) conservation of energy to support growth from the oxidation of organic compounds coupled to the reduction of Fe(III) or Mn(IV) [3, 4]; (2) conversion of Fe(III) oxide to ultrafine-grained magnetite [3]; (3) anaerobic oxidation of an aromatic hydrocarbon [5, 6]; (4) reduction of U(VI) [7]; (5) use of humic substances as an electron acceptor [8]; (6) chemotaxis toward metals [9]; (7) complete oxidation of organic compounds to carbon dioxide with an electrode serving as the sole electron acceptor ([10]; and (8) use of a poised electrode as a direct electron donor [11].