Z. aplanosporum also possessed a combination of vegetative and reproductive features characteristic

of Zygogonium, such as presence of short branches, rhizoidal outgrowths, thickened vegetative cell walls, purple-colored cell content, small compressed-globular chloroplasts as well as predominant asexual reproduction. Z. aplanosporum and Z. californicum were deeply embedded in a larger clade of Zygnema both in rbcL and cox3 analyses. Based on our observations, there are no features or combination of features that separate Zygnema and Zygogonium. Therefore, we conclude that Zygogonium is probably a synonym of Zygnema. “
“Sexual reproduction is documented for the first time in field populations of the pennate diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia australis Freng. and P. pungens (Grunow Selleckchem Hydroxychloroquine ex Cleve) Hasle (var. cingulata Villac and EPZ-6438 price hybrids between var. cingulata and var. pungens). A bloom dominated by these species began on June 26, 2006, along Kalaloch Beach, Washington, USA, coincident with a drop in the Si(OH)4:NO3 ratio

to below two. Multimodal size distributions were detected for both species, and synchronous auxosporulation occurred within the smallest size class during a 3-week window. Auxospores and initial cells created a new class of large cells, and cells in the intermediate size classes increased in abundance during auxosporulation. Mating cells of both species were attached to colonies of surf-zone diatoms. Paired gametangia, gametes, zygotes, auxospores, and large initial cells were found. C1GALT1 Auxosporulation began first for P. pungens (June 30), apparently once a critical, high cell concentration was reached, followed by P. australis (July 5), when the total Pseudo-nitzschia cell concentration reached 929,000 cells · L−1. Low frequencies of auxosporulation occurred throughout the bloom but increased 4-fold for P. australis and 3-fold for P. pungens when macronutrients were reduced to low levels on July 11.

A 2-year life cycle was estimated for P. australis and 3 years for P. pungens, both with annual auxosporulation. Domoic acid (DA) in razor clams reached a maximum of 38 μg DA · g−1 on July 18. A significant relationship existed between the percent of cells within the new size range and DA concentrations in razor clams on the same beach. “
“Primary productivity by plants and algae is the fundamental source of energy in virtually all food webs. Furthermore, photosynthetic organisms are the sole source for ω-3 and ω-6 essential fatty acids (EFA) to upper trophic levels. Because animals cannot synthesize EFA, these molecules may be useful as trophic markers for tracking sources of primary production through food webs if different primary producer groups have different EFA signatures.