X-ray diffraction further confirmed the vertical (111) directionality with low crystal tilt by rocking curve widths (omega scans) as low as similar to 0.6 degrees. These findings demonstrate the capability to precisely tailor the position and size of well-oriented III-V semiconductor nanowires through noncatalytic MBE selective area growth and provide an important step toward fully integrated, uniform vertical III-V nanowire array-on-Si devices. (c) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3525610]“
“This theme issue pursues an exploration of

the potential of taking into account the environmental sensitivity of development to explaining the evolution of metazoan life cycles, with special focus on complex life cycles and the role of developmental plasticity. The evolution of switches between alternative phenotypes as a response

to different environmental cues and the evolution of the control of the temporal expression of alternative ML323 in vivo phenotypes within an organism’s life cycle are here treated together as different dimensions of the complex relationships between genotype and phenotype, fostering the emergence of a more general and comprehensive picture of phenotypic evolution through a quite diverse sample of case studies. This introductory article reviews fundamental facts and concepts about phenotypic plasticity, adopting the most authoritative terminology in selleck inhibitor use in the current literature. The main topics are types and components of phenotypic variation, the evolution of organismal traits through plasticity, the origin and evolution of phenotypic plasticity and its adaptive value.”
“This paper considers phonon transport behavior in graphene nanoribbons

(GNRs) that bridge semi-infinite graphene contacts. The work employs an atomistic Green’s function (AGF) method to investigate phonon wave effects in GNRs with both zigzag and armchair edges. Thermal conductances are learn more found to be sensitive to the edge shape of the ribbons; a sandwiched zigzag GNR structure has almost twice the thermal conductance of the corresponding armchair structure. Results show that the graphene/GNR interface moderately reduces phonon conductance compared to a freestanding GNR. At fixed device lengths, conductance increases with the width of GNR. On the other hand, conductance decreases with GNR length. The zigzag ribbons show smaller reduction upon increasing of GNR length than armchair ribbons; the conductances of both ribbons converge to a length-independent value. For very short devices, thermal conductance can exceed that of a single graphene-GNR interface. (c) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3514119]“
“In a now classic paper published in 1991, Alberch introduced the concept of genotype-phenotype (G -> P) mapping to provide a framework for a more sophisticated discussion of the integration between genetics and developmental biology that was then available.