The UspE protein is a tandem-like protein consisting of two Usp domains. The UspE domain1 is more related to the UspA sub-family, whereas the domain2 is closer related to the UspFG sub-family. The intracellular copy number of UspA, UspC, UspD, and UspE increases upon stress conditions such as starvation, moderate heat stress, oxidative stress, and osmotic stress [23]. UspG is induced under

osmotic stress and has recently been shown to undergo autophosphorylation and autoadenylation [24]. However, the exact functions of these small proteins are unclear. The degree of similarity of the Usp domain within KdpD (Fig. 1) varies among all known KdpD sequences. To elucidate the role of the Usp domain in KdpD for signaling, we used a “”domain swapping”" approach, wherein the E. coli KdpD-Usp domain was replaced with homologous

Stem Cells inhibitor domains or the six E. coli Usp proteins. These KdpD chimeras were characterized in vivo as well as in vitro. Results “”Domain swapping”" CX-5461 datasheet of the Usp domain within KdpD The N-terminal region of the cytoplasmic input domain containing the KdpD domain (pfam02702) is highly conserved [25], whereas the C-terminal region containing the Usp-domain (cd01987) (I253-P365) is less conserved (Fig. 1). The KdpD-Usp domain of other bacteria, for example Agrobacterium tumefaciens (KdpD/R249-D372), Streptomyces coelicolor (KdpD/R233-I354), Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (KdpD/I253-P365), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (KdpD/R248-R358) are characterized by different degrees of identity Protein kinase N1 and similarity. The highest degree of sequence identity has the KdpD-Usp domain of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium compared to the corresponding E. coli domain (86% identity, 89% similarity). The other KdpD-Usp domains are less conserved (A. tumefaciens: 30% identity, 45% similarity; P. aeruginosa: 28% identity, 43% similarity; S. coelicolor: 25% identity, 42% similarity). The KdpD-Usp domain belongs to the UspA subfamily. Despite the lack of amino acid sequence

identity, proteins of this (sub)family (UspA, UspC and UspD) are predicted to have a homologous tertiary structure which consists of four to five central β-sheets surrounded by four a-helices [19, 22]. To examine the specifics of the KdpD-Usp domain and its importance in KdpD signaling, we replaced amino acids L221-V358 of E. coli KdpD with the homologous KdpD-Usp domains of A. tumefaciens (L218-I371), S. enterica serotype Typhimurium (L221-V358), S. coelicolor (L202-V355), and P. aeruginosa (L218-Q361) as described in Methods, and designated the chimeras Agrocoli-KdpD, Salmocoli-KdpD, Streptocoli-KdpD, and Pseudocoli-KdpD (Fig. 2) [26]. Furthermore, we exchanged the KdpD-Usp domain of E. coli with the six soluble Usp protein sequences of E. coli, yielding the chimeras KdpD-UspA, KdpD-UspC, KdpD-UspD, KdpD-UspE, KdpD-UspF, and KdpD-UspG (Fig. 2).