The secretor status of the individuals was determined based on the presence of Lewis a and Lewis b antigens

by using monoclonal antisera (Sanquin, the Netherlands) and by genotyping of the FUT2 gene as LEE011 in vitro described in [8]. Volunteers with non-secretor phenotype (n = 15) were dismissed from further studies, resulting in a study group of 64 individuals (57 female and 7 male; age range 31–61 years). The demographic and blood group distribution of the volunteers is presented in Figure 1). Microbiota profiling by %G + C, SCFA and flow cytometry analysis The genomic DNA in microbe samples was profiled using the %G + C-profiling technique allowing the identification of microbial clusters or subsets in samples according to their genomic G + C contents [26]. In brief, the method is based on the molecular weight difference between A-T and G-C linkages in DNA double helix, achieved by A-T binding Selleck AZD1080 dye bis-benzimidazole, enabling the separation of DNA strands with different AT/GC ratios by ultracentrifugation, which are then visualized using UV light. Samples with a low genomic DNA yield (<20 μg/g fecal material) were excluded from the analysis and the %G + C-profiling selleck chemicals was performed for 46 samples (14 representing A, 16 O, 8 B and 8 AB blood group). The same subset of faecal samples was further analyzed using SCFA and

flow cytometric analyses as follows. The analysis of SCFA and lactic acid was essentially performed as described 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase by Fava et al. [27], using gas chromatography to establish the concentration of SCFAs acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric, valeric, isovaleric and 2-methylbutyric acids, as well as lactic acid. The total numbers of bacteria in the samples were determined using a flow cytometric FACSCalibur system (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) as previously described in [28]. For the method, the samples were fixed with 37% formaldehyde to obtain final concentration of 4% and the samples were stained with a fluorescent nucleic acid binding

dye, SYTO 24 (Molecular Probes, The Netherlands). PCR-DGGE analysis An extended sample set consisting of faecal samples from 21 blood group A, 19 O, 13 B and 11 AB individuals was analyzed using PCR-DGGE targeting the dominant eubacteria (UNIV) and specific bacterial groups, namely Eubacterium rectale – Clostridium coccoides group (EREC); Clostridium leptum group (CLEPT); Bacteroides fragilis group (BFRA); Bifidobacterium spp. (BIF) and Lactobacillus spp. (LACT). The PCR-DGGE analysis was performed as described by [8], with bacterial group specific modifications. Briefly, DNA from 0.3 g of faecal material was extracted using the FASTDNA® SPIN KIT FOR SOIL (Qbiogene) and the quality of the DNA was determined using NanoDrop as described above.