The elevated pilA4 mRNA levels are accompanied by an increase in piliation of the cells but not by elevated natural transformation frequencies. Hyperpiliation leads to increased adhesion to plastic surfaces. The increased cell–surface interactions are suggested

to represent an adaptive response to temperature stress and may be advantageous for survival of T. thermophilus. “
“Toxin–antitoxin (TA) loci are widely spread in bacterial plasmids and chromosomes. see more Toxins affect important functions of bacterial cells such as translation, replication and cell-wall synthesis, whereas antitoxins are toxin inhibitors. Participation in formation of the dormant state in bacteria is suggested to be a possible function of toxins. Here we show that overexpression of VapC toxin in Mycobacterium smegmatis results in development of morphologically distinct ovoid cells. The ovoid cells were nonreplicating and revealed a low level of uracil incorporation and respiration that indicated their dormant status. To validate the role of VapBC in dormancy formation, we used a model of dormant, ‘nonculturable’ (NC) M. smegmatis cells obtained in potassium-limited conditions. Overexpression of VapB antitoxin prevented transition to dormancy, presumably due to a decreased level of the free VapC protein. Indeed, this effect of the VapB

was neutralized by coexpression of the cognate VapC as a part of the vapBC operon. In summary, these findings reveal participation of vapBC products in formation of the dormant Romidepsin ic50 state in M. smegmatis. “
“Legumes develop symbiotic relationships with Rhizobium

by a complex exchange of signals. Despite the high specificity between symbiotic partners, the presence of non-rhizobial bacteria in root nodules has been reported. To investigate how these rhizobacteria enter root nodules, fluorescently tagged Pseudomonas fluorescens and Klebsiella pneumoniae were co-inoculated 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase with host-nodulating Ensifer adhaerens to Vigna radiata seedlings and root hair infection was monitored using confocal microscopy at 5 days post inoculation. Pseudomonas fluorescens and K. pneumoniae invaded the root hair only when co-inoculated with E. adhaerens. Recovery of inoculated tagged strains and confirmation through CLSM and 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed that the test rhizobacteria occupied nodules. We hereby report with the help of confocal microscopy that rhizobacteria migrate along the length of host-nodulating rhizobial strain and become localized in root nodules. We further report isolation of eight non-rhizobial bacterial genera, predominantly Bacillus spp. and Paenibacillus spp., from nodules of field-grown V. radiata. “
“Bacteria emit a wealth of volatile organic compounds. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analysis of five Serratia strains revealed ketones, dimethyl di- and trisulfide and 2-phenylethanol commonly released in this genus.