Similar situations might be found with other multikinase selleck kinase inhibitor that are on the way towards approval for HCC therapy [34]. Therefore, the data of HHBV and the most specific annotations for each human protein can be used as a resource

for researchers interested in prioritizing drug targets (Additional file 1, Table S1). For example, the damage-specific DNA binding protein 1 (DDB1) had 14 identified interactions with HBV X protein (Additional file 1, Table S1), which is a highly conserved protein implicated in DNA repair and cell cycle regulation [35]. HBx in association with DDB1 may stimulate HBV replication and induce genetic instability in hepatocytes, thereby contributing to HCC development, and making this HBV-host protein interaction as an attractive target for new therapeutic interventions [36]. In addition,

it must be point out that not all of the papers that report HBV binding proteins from cell lines validate the binding of these host proteins to the corresponding HBV antigen by co-immunoprecipitation of extracts from clinical samples (infected liver and HCC tissue). At the same time, it raises a number of questions need PXD101 research buy further studies such as whether all the identified interactions really occur and have functional consequences. To identify new molecules involved in hepatocarcinogenesis, we can establish of high-throughput yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screens and co-affinity purification methods for large scale analysis of protein-protein interaction[26], and integrate of chip-based SHP099 datasheet chromatin-immunoprecipitation Histamine H2 receptor (ChIP-chip) with expression-microarray profiling for the identification of candidate genes directly regulated by HBV[37]. Finally, a number of HHBV-HHCC and cellular processes have been studied, but many of the molecular events involved in the pathophysiology of HCC are still unclear. One single identified HHBV-HHCC may be involved in some new multiple, independently regulated HCC-specific pathways. Hence, the HBV-human protein interaction network might be to regard as the basis of a detailed map for tracking new cellular interactions, and guiding future investigations of the molecular mechanism

of oncogenesis of HBV-related HCC, even other diseases such as steatosis and fibrosis, leading to identify a series of new genes involved in these diseases. In mammals, lethal and disease-related proteins were found enriched among some proteins that are central to multiple pathways [38, 39], and preferential attachment to these proteins may be a general hallmark of viral proteins, as has recently been suggested in an analysis of the literature [40]. An important breakthrough of the further experimental study is the identification of novel signaling components and pathways that can be targeted to develop new therapeutics. Conclusions Among the infectious diseases affecting humans, HBV is one of the most common diseases in the world, particularly in developing countries.