J Bacteriol 1996, 178:6782–6789.PubMed 31. McGlynn P, Lloyd RG: Modulation of RNA polymerase by (p)ppGpp reveals a RecG-dependent mechanism for replication fork progression. Cell 2000, 101:35–45.PubMedCrossRef 32. Trautinger BW, Jaktaji RP, Rusakova E, Lloyd RG: RNA polymerase modulators and DNA repair activities resolve conflicts between DNA replication and transcription. Mol Cell 2005, 19:247–258.PubMedCrossRef Authors’ contributions CJR and RGL designed the experiments. AS carried out

the experiments. AS, RGL and CJR wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.”
“Background The high demand for ethanol in the U.S. has generated large stocks of wet distillers grains (DG) derived as a byproduct from the manufacture of ethanol from corn and GANT61 in vivo sorghum grains. Ethanol production is expected this website to increase several fold due to the high demand and cost of foreign oil [1]. Energy and protein dense DGs are attractive for use as a feed for beef cattle finishing diets; however little is known about the potential influence of dietary DG on fecal microbial community structure. A better understanding of the microbial population in beef cattle feces could be important in improving nutrient management, increasing animal growth performance, and decreasing odors and/or shedding of pathogens. A variety

of CYTH4 PF477736 ic50 emissions such as ammonia, volatile fatty acids, and hundreds of volatile organic compounds [2] have been tied to beef cattle manure (reviewed by [3–5]). Volatilization of ammonia has been linked to crude protein content in the diet fed and increased amounts of excreted urinary N [6]. Previous studies suggested an association between dried distillers grains (DDGS) feeding and

an increased prevalence and fecal shedding of the foodborne pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle [7–9]. A small number of studies have used culture-independent 16S rRNA-based [10] and culture-dependent 16S rRNA-based methods with dairy cattle feces [11, 12]. Clostridium spp were identified as the most dominant taxa across all lactating dairy cows (19% average abundance, range 13.9-25.4%) followed by Bacteroides spp (9.26%, 5.2-13.7% respectively) using the culture-independent approach [10]. In this study of Holstein dairy cows (n = 20), 274 different bacterial species were detected corresponding to 142 separate genera [10]. Several thousand sequences were obtained per sample enabling the detection of populations below 0.1% abundance. Using culture-dependent methods, a total of 284 16S rRNA clones were obtained from three Holstein steers and classified at the 98% sequence similarity level [12]. The dominant phyla observed were: Firmicutes (81.3%), Bacteroidetes (14.4%), Actinobacteria (2.5%), and Proteobacteria (1.4%).