However, given that over 2,500 mice would have been required to gen erate the 5 g IgG used in this study, murine IgG is scarcely used in preclinical investigations. In a passive model of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, human IVIg and purified mouse IgG shared the same kinetics to restore platelet counts, selleck Volasertib thus validating the use of human IVIg to study human therapy in mouse models. Since monomeric human IVIg is well tolerated in mice, mouse models of numerous diseases are now routinely used to investigate its efficacy as well as its mechanisms of action. The unexpected Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries deleterious effect of IVIg on TH ex pression is an intriguing observation that is particularly challenging to explain.
On the one hand, a plethora of compounds such as nicotine, cannabinoid agonists and progesterone receptor isoforms have been shown to modulate TH expression without obvious harmful effects on the DAergic system. Similarly, our data sug gest that IVIg regulates TH expression at the Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries protein or RNA levels. On the other hand, the observed decrease in striatal TH protein levels associated with a trend toward decreased catecholamines, serotonin, nigral TH positive and total neurons can also be interpreted as a dele terious effect of IVIg on the murine DAergic system. Although acute MPTP administration does not lead to syn positive nigral inclusions, syn deficient transgenic mouse models are more resistant to MPTP, suggesting a possible implication of syn in the MPTP toxicity.
Increased autoantibodies to syn are present in the sera of PD patients, and stereotactic injection of human IgG purified from the sera of PD patients into mice SNpc produces Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries a Fc��R dependent microglial activation and a 40% TH positive cell loss in the SNpc. Since natural anti syn anti bodies in IVIg preparations have been recently identified, it is tempting to speculate that IVIg Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries could have modulated the nigrostriatal toxicity of MPTP by binding to syn. Conclusion Despite the fact that current knowledge of IVIg mechan isms of action holds promising characteristics for the treatment of PD, our results do not provide evidence of a neurorestorative effect of IVIg treatment on the nigrostriatal system of the MPTP treated mouse. Our data on the general health status, DAergic Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries cell count, TH protein levels and HVA striatal concentrations all suggest that IVIg not only failed to generate beneficial effects, but had a slight detrimental impact on the DAer gic system.
Such possible harmful consequences flag the need to proceed with caution before initiating clinical trials in PD patients. Background Brain ischemia reperfusion injury is a major public health problem. It causes excitotoxicity, inflammation, cell death, and compensatory neurogenesis. Neu rons selleck chemical 17-AAG are more susceptible to hypoxic stress than astro cytes. They have fewer antioxidant mechanisms than astrocytes and rely mainly on the metabolic support from surrounding astrocytes.