High absolute SDO densities of up to 6.2 x 10(15) cm(-3) were measured at approximately Epigenetic inhibitor 10 cm downstream. The rf-APPJ seems to be much more efficient in producing SDO. The influence of different parameters, such as gas flows and mixtures and power coupled to the plasmas, on the production of SDO by the two APPJs has been investigated. Despite the considerable differences between the two plasma jets (excitation frequency, electric field direction, inter-electrode distance, plasma propagation), similar dependencies on the oxygen admixture and on the dissipated power were found in both APPJs. However,

opposite trends were observed for the gas flow dependence. The results presented in this paper show that the control of the external operating conditions of each APPJ enables Selleckchem MS-275 the tailoring of the SDO composition of both plasma effluents. This provides scope to tune the plasma jets for desired applications, e.g., in biomedicine. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3601347]“
“In this paper the pathways and kinetics for the production of diosgenin via biotransformation of Dioscorea zingiberensis C H Wright by Aspergillus oryzae ClCC 2436 were analyzed After 120 h of biotransformation at 30 C the concentration of diosgenin in the culture reached 36 87 +/- 1 27 mu mol/g raw herb which was 21 2 times its initial concentration A number of steroidal compounds were also

isolated as minor products from the biotransformation and one of these was identified as a novel compound named 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1 -> 3) – beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1 -> 4) – beta-D-glucopyranosyl-diosgenin (diosgenin-triglucoside) The biotransformation consisted of two stages the release of steroids from the herb (accompanied by fungal growth) and hydrolysis of the steroids by glycosidases Kinetic analysis and mathematical modelling showed that the process of biotransformation could be described by first-order kinetics under the condition of high K-m[S] values It consisted of a cascade of consecutive and parallel reactions involving three kinds of enzymes five steroid saponins and their sapogenin The main hydrolysis reactions that led to the production of diosgenin were also discussed

(C) 2010 ON-01910 Cell Cycle inhibitor Elsevier B V All rights reserved”
“A total of 91 wild olive accessions and 31 olive cultivars growing in the Extremadura region of central-western Spain were analyzed using morphological traits and RAPD markers. We focused on three main and 16 minor Spanish olive cultivars that are recognized as native or local to the Extremadura region. The five arbitrary 10-mer primers tested on the olive cultivars gave 67 polymorphic bands, representing 91% of the total amplification products. The number of bands per primer ranged from 9 to 18, whereas the number of polymorphic bands ranged from 8 to 17. All the cultivars could be identified by a combination of three primers (OPF-6, OPA-8, and OPK-16); four cultivar-specific markers were detected.