Hence,

the anti-αMβ2 reagent, clone 44, promoted a modest release of IL-8 and MIP-1β in the THP-1 cell line model, but was without significant stimulatory effect in the U937 system (Fig. 3a,b). The MEM48 pan anti-β2 reagent did not stimulate cytokine release. Clone 3.9, an anti-αXβ2 heterodimer antibody (Fig. 3a,b), stimulated significant release of IL-8, MIP-1β and, to a lesser extent, RANTES from the immature THP-1 cells but, with the exception of a small effect on IL-8 release, did not promote cytokine release this website from U937 cells. The difference in cytokine response between cell lines could not be attributed to differences in integrin expression levels as THP1 and U937 cells expressed similar levels of both the αV and β2 integrin heterodimers studied (Fig. S2). The data in Fig. 3(a,b) are based on cell line models and it is important to validate the data from such systems in primary tissue. To

this end, bone marrow monocyte precursors and PBMC were assessed Ceritinib supplier for their patterns of responsiveness to ligation with anti-integrin mAbs (Fig. 3c). Bone marrow monocytes and PBMC showed striking differences in expression of the sCD23-binding integrins (Fig. 3c). Bone marrow monocytes expressed αXβ2 and αVβ3 in moderate amounts and were weakly positive for αMβ2; the cells were negative for αVβ5. The PBMC expressed all four integrins, with greatly increased levels of αXβ2 and αVβ3, clear positivity for αMβ2 and robust expression of αVβ5 (Fig. 3c). Bone marrow monocytes were treated with different anti-integrin mAbs and the patterns of cytokine release were determined. None of the stimuli used, including LPS, promoted IL-8 release (data not shown), but there was a clear and robust effect on release of MIP-1β, RANTES and TNF-α. Antibodies

Teicoplanin directed to αXβ2 and to αVβ3 promoted significant release of all three cytokines, whereas antibodies directed to αMβ2 (ICO-GMI) or αVβ5 (P1F6) failed to induce cytokine release (Fig. 3c). Ligation of αXβ2 on PBMC with clone 3.9 mAb promoted cytokine release, albeit to lower levels than noted with bone marrow monocytic cells, but treatment with anti-αVβ3 mAbs did not drive TNF-α release. Cross-linking of αMβ2 stimulated TNF-α release from PBMCs (Fig. 3c). However, none of the anti-integrin mAbs could provoke IL-8 (data not shown) or RANTES secretion from PBMC (Fig. 3c), a result that is consistent with the observations from cell lines representative of immature and mature monocytes. Finally, THP1 cells were treated with db-cAMP to induce differentiation and the effects on integrin expression and responsiveness were assessed (Fig. 3d). The db-cAMP caused a minor increase in expression of αMβ2 and αVβ5 in THP-1 cells and a more pronounced elevation in levels of αXβ2; αVβ3 levels were unchanged (Fig. 3d).