g., heart rate acceleration or deceleration) associated with antipathic or empathic context, respectively (Davydov et al., 2011). Only women were studied as persons showing more reactivity to sad films than men. Reactivity was evaluated for facial behavior, physiological arousal, and subjective experience. Some other affective and cognitive disposition factors (e.g., depression and defensiveness) were

considered for evaluating their probable mediation of the alexithymia’s effects. While subjective experience was not affected by alexithymia, high scorers on the externally-oriented thinking factor showed reduced physiological reactivity in both film conditions. These effects were mediated through selleck chemical different disposition factors: either low affectivity Givinostat molecular weight (low depressed mood), which mediated alexithymia’s effect on hyper-arousal responses (e.g., decrease of heart rate acceleration), or impression management (other-deception), which mediated alexithymia’s effect on hypo-arousal responses (e.g., decrease of heart rate deceleration). (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Protein degradation is a fundamental biological process, which is essential for the maintenance and regulation of normal cellular function. In humans and animals, proteins can be

degraded by a number of mechanisms: the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy and intracellular proteases. The advances in contemporary protein analysis means that proteomics is increasingly being used to explore these key pathways and as a means of monitoring protein degradation. The dysfunction of protein degradative pathways has been associated with the development of a number of important diseases including cancer, muscle wasting disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. This review will focus on the role of proteomics to study

cellular degradative processes and how these strategies are being applied to understand the molecular basis of diseases arising from disturbances in protein degradation.”
“Despite high bacterial colonization and frequent allergen contact, acute inflammatory and allergic reactions are rarely HKI-272 seen in the oral mucosa. Therefore we assert that immune tolerance predominates at this site and antigen presenting cells, such as dendritic cells and different T cell subtypes, serve as key players in oral mucosal tolerance induction. In this article we describe the mechanisms that lead to tolerance induced in the oral mucosa and how they differ from tolerance induced in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore we discuss ways in which novel nonparenteral approaches for immune intervention, such as allergen-specific immunotherapy applied by way of the sublingual route, might be improved to target the tolerogenic properties of the sophisticated oral mucosal immune network.