From the electrophysiologist’s viewpoint, ablation of the pulmonary veins with proof of an acute bidirectional electrical isolation is the cornerstone of most ablation strategies. On the surgical side, the foundation of a successful atrial fibrillation procedure is still a Cox maze procedure on the arrested heart, with no electrophysiological confirmation of the effect and quality of the lesion set. These distinctive characteristics of the two treatment platforms can only be changed if both the

electrophysiologist and the cardiac surgeon are willing to accept their methodological limitations. If Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in each group we are able to confront this, then the necessity of a link between the two disciplines will become clear. In order to realize this multidisciplinary approach we must first Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical understand the current limitations of energy delivery in the left and right atrium. The benefits of this multidisciplinary approach will enhance the controlled

power delivery to targeted cardiac tissue and the accuracy of the visualization and mapping of the ablated tissue in both atria. Fundamental questions, like the necessity of a continuous and transmural lesion, will no longer be unanswered. We can Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical map triggers and substrate at both the endocardium and epicardium, thus improving our understanding of the mechanisms of atrial fibrillation, and confirm lesion transmurality from both sides, with a single combined procedure. Recent electrophysiology literature shows that Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical long-lasting endocardial catheter isolation of the pulmonary veins, whether achieved with radiofrequency energy or cryo-thermia, Gamma-secretase inhibitor remains

challenging.1 Because of this limitation it is not clear whether complete circumferential antral ablation is necessary Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical for successful pulmonary vein isolation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and it is accepted that non-circumferential antral ablation may achieve similar success rates with shorter procedure and ablation times than circumferential ablation. Therefore, attention could be focused on producing permanent lesions rather than on completing antral encirclement after isolation is achieved.2–4 This basic philosophy was the rationale of our initial experience with the minimally invasive surgical treatment of lone atrial fibrillation. In 2005 we developed a technique using a monolateral right thoracoscopic approach. Mephenoxalone The procedure consisted of the creation of a box lesion set to encircle all pulmonary veins with a catheter that used microwave energy to ablate left atrial tissue. At that time, this device was the only commercially available thoracoscopic minimally invasive surgical ablation tool.5,6 The concept and development of the box lesion as a minimal lesion set was based on several factors but, most importantly, a consequence of the absence of provocative electrophysiologic mapping and testing during the surgical procedure.