For the SMR, age-specific R428 price and gender-specific mortality rates, the reference population was taken to be the general population resident in Brescia Province. Event rates in demographic subsets of the reference population were used to calculate

the ‘expected rates’ for SMR denominators. Event rates in demographic subsets of the HIV-infected population were used to calculate ‘observed rates’ for SMR numerators. The ratio between the observed and the expected death and chronic disease rates in the index population provided the SMR and SHR, respectively. For event rates that are similar in the HIV-infected population and in the general population the SMR or SHR is close to 1, while for values less than or greater than 1, rates in HIV-infected population are lower or higher,

respectively, than those expected based on estimates in the general population. For either SMR or SHR, Byar’s approximation was used to calculate the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) [13]. Data management and analyses were performed using the stata software (Stata Statistical Software release 9.1, 2006; Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA) [14]. The main characteristics of the HIV-infected population are shown in Table 1. For the period 2003–2007, 3200 patients were identified as receiving care for HIV infection from the National Health System in the form of provision of drugs, out-patient consultations, and in-patient and day-hospital care. The number of HIV-infected persons increased from BTK pathway inhibitor 2263 in 2003 to 2893 in 2007, representing an annual increase of 7.0%. In addition,

the prevalence of HIV infection increased from 218 HIV-infected persons per 100 000 receiving care in 2003 to 263 per 100 000 in 2007, an annual increase of 5.1%. However, the increase in prevalence cannot be attributed to an increase in new cases (incidence). The average incidence rate of detected cases during the period was stable at around 22 per 100 000, with a transient decrease in 2006 (16 per 100 000). By contrast, the number of ‘lost’ cases (deaths and patients who moved Loperamide outside the Province) was always lower than the number of new cases. In particular, mortality rate showed a marked decrease from 24 per 1000 HIV-infected persons in 2003 to 16 per 1000 in 2007. The average age of HIV-infected patients receiving care increased continuously from 40 years in 2003 to 43 years in 2007, while the average age of new cases was stable at approximately 39 years. Female patients represented less than a third of prevalent cases, although this proportion appeared to increase among new cases. The proportion of patients on antiretroviral treatment increased from 69.7% in 2003 to 80.0% in 2007. The SMRs and SHRs for chronic diseases in the HIV-infected population compared with the general population, adjusted for gender and age, are shown in Fig. 1.