EMD protein Vandetanib also activates alkaline phosphatase activity. It is possible that the TGF B and BMP in EMD protein activate osteoblasts. Our data show that EMD protein enhances the produc tion MMP 2 by osteoblasts cells and suggest that bone regeneration depends on MMP 2 activated EMD. These papers support our data. EMD protein have decreased the levels of MMP 1 and MMP 8 in gingival crevicular fluid after flap surgery in vivo. EMD induced VEGF production is regulated by p38 MAPK in human gingival fibroblasts. We also provided evidence identifying p38 MAPK as the predominant pathway for inducing MMP 2 production in EMD stimulated osteoblasts. Previous studies have shown that this pathway is important to promote the growth of PDL cells stimulated by EMD protein.

Thus, the MAPK family, including the p38 MAPK, ERK and JNK pathways activated by EMD protein, plays a key role in regulating cellular functions required for periodontal regeneration. EMD induced VEGF production is regulated by p38 MAPK in human gingival fibroblasts. p38 MAPK might regulate not only MMPs produc tion, but also cytokine production in EMD stimulated periodontal ligament. Our study also indicates that inhib ition of EMD protein induced production of MMP 2 leads to significant reductions in the generation of active MMP 2, further supporting the notion that MMP 2 acts as a degradation of gelatin for MMP 2 in EMD protein stimulated osteoblasts. In summary, our results suggest a model in which MMP 2 plays a role in periodontal connective tissue remodeling by degrading matrix proteins and/or by activating a potent gelatinase MMP 2 in osteoblasts.

Conclusion EMD protein induces MMP 2 production via the p 38 MAPK activating signalling pathways in osteoblasts, thereby stimulating degradation of the surrounding collagen, resulting in changes in ECM structure and promoting periodontal regeneration. Background Thrombocytopenia is frequently developed in hematological and cancer patients who undergo bone marrow suppression or infiltration resulting from che motherapy or radiotherapy. This condition may lead to haemorrhage and fatality. In severe cases, platelet transfusion may be required to prevent or stop bleeding. However, platelet transfusion may induce the formation of anti platelet antibodies, and the transmission of both viral and bacterial infection.

Until today, no effective treatments for thrombocytopenia are clinically available. Our long term goal is to identify novel thrombopoietic agents from Traditional Chinese Medicine formulations Cilengitide or products for further development. Dozens of TCM formulations have been used for pro motion of blood production for centuries and have shown favorable effects on thrombocytopenia. Previously, we specifically characterized Danggui Buxue Tong and demonstrated that it has significant effects on promoting thrombopoiesis. Many chemical components have been identified in DBT.