During a conflict task – modified Eriksen flanker task, direct cortical stimulation was delivered time-locked to the task at the inferior part of the medial superior frontal gyrus (inferior medial SFG), the superior part of the medial SFG, and the middle frontal gyrus. By adopting the session of sham stimulation that was employed as a within-block control, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from the medial and lateral frontal cortices. The inferior medial SFG
showed a significant ERP difference between trials with more and less conflict, while the other frontal cortices did not. Among the three stimulus sites, only stimulation of the inferior Thiazovivin solubility dmso medial SFG significantly prolonged reaction time in trials with more conflict. Anatomically, the inferior medial SFG corresponded with the pre-SMA (Brodmann area 8).
It was located 1-2 cm rostral to the vertical anterior commissure line where cortical stimulation elicited arrest of motion (the supplementary negative motor area). Functionally, this area corresponded to the dorso-rostral portion of the activation loci in previous neuroimaging studies focusing on conflict processing. By combining epicortical ERP recording and direct cortical stimulation in a human brain, this study, for the first time, this website presented one direct piece of evidence Oxygenase that the pre-SMA actively participates in conflict processing. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical utility of PAI and MMPI-2 validity indicators to detect exaggeration of psychological symptoms. Participants were 49 (75.5% female) Australian university students who completed the MMPI-2 and PAI under one of three conditions: Control [i.e., honest responding (n
= 20)], Feign Post Traumatic Stress Disorder [PTSD (n 15)], or Feign Depression (n = 14). Participants instructed to feign depression or feign PTSD had significantly higher scores on the majority of MMPI-2 and PAI validity indicators compared with controls. The Meyers Validity Index, the Obvious-Subtle index, and the Response Bias Scale were the most accurate MMPI-2 validity indicators. Diagnostic-specific MMPI-2 validity indicators, such as the Infrequency-PSTD scales and Malingered Depression scale, were not effective at detecting participants instructed to feign those conditions. For the PAI, the most accurate validity indicator was the MAL index: however, the detection rate using this validity indicator was modest at best. The MMPI-2 validity indicators were clearly superior to those on the PAI at identifying feigned versus honest responding in this sample. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.