Conclusions The brain’s default network is a set of regions more active during passive tasks than tasks demanding focused external attention. One hypothesis is that the default

network contributes to internal modes of cognition used when remembering, thinking about the future, and mind wandering. An open question is whether dysfunction of the default network contributes to neurological and psychiatric Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical illness. A specific challenge is that it is difficult to accurately measure the default network in patients where confounds of head motion and compliance are prominent. Several observations suggest that disruption in executive control processes may impact the function of the default network and contribute to disturbances of thought.
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) uses the same hardware as magnetic resonance Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical imaging (MRI) to measure various metabolites in the brain. With suppression of the large proton signal from water molecules, the intensity of the relaxation signal from protons attached to other brain metabolites of interest can be quantified in the time domain, as free induction decays (FID). These FIDs are usually Fourier transformed to the frequency domain and depicted as spectra. The area under the curve Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical at a particular frequency (usually in parts per million [ppm] to standardize across magnetic field strengths), can then

be quantified and usually referenced to an internal standard (like water spectra or another neurometabolite, eg, total creatine). With traditional clinical 1.5-Tesla (T) scanners the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical main metabolites of interest include N-acetylaspartate compounds (NAA plus N-acetylaspartate-glutamate, NAAG), choline (Cho) and creatine (Cre). At higher field selleck inhibitor strengths (3,4, and 7 T), the more complex Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical overlapping, multiplets corresponding to glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gin) and myoinositol (Ins), can also be measured. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) as well as gluthatione (GSII) can be quantified at the higher filed strengths with special editing techniques. Most studies have used single voxel acquisition (anywhere

between 1 to 40 cc per voxel) (Figure 1). This is practical for populations where support for regional pathology is strong. Chemical shift Imaging (CSI), simultaneously acquires many voxels (20 to 100, usually 1 to 2 cc each) across a slab of tissue, providing better spatial coverage. However, spectral resolution can be compromised Rolziracetam due to magnetic field inhomogeneity. Figure 1. Single voxel location (2 x 2 x 3 cm) in the anterior dorsal cingulate cortex, shown in sagittal, coronal, and axial planes from MRI (top panel). A spectra, averaged from 196 acquisitions, collected from the above location at 3 Tesla, with a standard point … Interpretation of the meaning of differences in levels measured depends on what is known about the physiology of the various neurometabolites.