Colonies were counted after 48 h incubation at 30°C. No further colonies appeared after that incubation period. Sensitivity to acetic acid Dropout tests were performed from mid-exponential YNB cultures containing approximately 1 × 106

cells/ml. Ten-fold serial dilutions were made, and 5 μl Selleckchem Omipalisib of each suspension was applied on YNB medium supplemented with different acetic acid concentrations (50, 80 and 100 mM). Results were scored after 48 h incubation at 30°C. Acetic acid treatment Yeast strains were grown until exponential phase (OD600 = 0.5–0.6) on YNB medium. Then the cultures were collected and resuspended to a final concentration of 107 cells ml-1 in fresh YNB adjusted to pH 3.0 with HCl and containing 160 mM acetic acid. Incubation took place for 180 min at 30°C as previously

described [4, 72]. At determined time points, 40 μl from a 10−4 cell suspension were inoculated onto YPD agar plates and c.f.u. were counted after 48 h incubation at 30°C. The percentage of viable learn more cells was estimated considering 100% survival the number of c.f.u. obtained in time 0. Apoptotic markers PI, Annexin V, DAPI and DiOC6 staining were performed both in cells treated with acetic acid and in aging cells as previously described, with some modifications [1, 3, 4, 37]. Membrane integrity was assessed by PI (Propidium Iodide) staining. Cells were harvested, washed and resuspended in PBS (137 mM NaCl; 2.7 mM KCl; 100 mM Na2HPO4; 2 mM KH2PO4; pH 7.4) containing PI (4 μg/ml) (Sigma). The samples were incubated for 10 min at room temperature in the dark and analyzed in an Epics® XL™ (Beckman Coulter) flow cytometer. At least 20,000 cells from each sample were analyzed. Phosphatidylserine exposure was detected by an FITC-coupled Annexin V reaction with the ApoAlertAnnexin V Apoptosis Kit (CLONTECH Laboratories). For that, cells were primarily harvested and washed in digesting

buffer (1.2 M sorbitol; 0.5 mM MgCl2; 35 mM K2HPO4; pH 6.8). To promote the drug course through cell wall, an incubation step with Zymolyase (20 T) Y-27632 2HCl at 30°C was performed. Phase-contrast microscopy was used to monitor that step, preventing this way damage to the unfixed spheroplasts. Cells were subsequently centrifuged (10 min at 1500 rpm) and resuspended in 200 μl of binding buffer (1.2 M sorbitol; 10 mM HEPES/NaOH, pH 7.4; 140 mM NaCl; 2.5 mM Cacl2). To 40 μl of this cell suspension, 2 μl Annexin V (1 μg/ml) and 1 μl PI (4 μg/ml) were added, and the mixture incubated for 20 min at room temperature in the dark. Finally, extra 400 μl of binding buffer were added to the mixture just prior to analysis in an Epics® XL™ (Beckman Coulter) flow cytometer. At least 20,000 cells from each sample were analyzed. For evaluation of mitochondrial potential the probe DiOC6 (3,3′dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide) (Invitrogen) was used. Cells were harvested, washed, and resuspended in DiOC6 buffer (10 mM MES; 0.