Chronic health conditions that are common among the homeless include chronic lung diseases [5], circulatory diseases [6], and diabetes [7]. Homeless persons also experience higher incidences of substance use [8,9], severe mental illness [10,11], and infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS [12,13] and Hepatitis C [14]. Daily challenges associated with homelessness (e.g. food insufficiency, exposure, etc.) [4,15,16] and barriers to accessing health care services (e.g. discrimination, lack of insurance, etc.) [4,17,18] make it difficult to manage

medical needs, leading to further deteriorations in overall health. Homeless populations subsequently have among the highest all-cause mortality rates of any population in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical North America [19-23]. Homeless persons have a high level of need for end-of-life care services [24,25] and these needs may be increasing due to the steady growth in the number of homeless older adults [26,27]. It is estimated that more than 58,000 seniors (i.e. 62years or older) will experience homelessness annually in the US by 2020 [26] and, while estimates are not available for Canada, researchers in various cities have observed upward trends [27]. High levels of morbidity among homeless older adults [28], in combination with the natural progression of

health challenges common among this population (e.g., HIV/AIDS, HCV, etc.), suggest that the end-of-life care system will likely see an increased Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical demand for its services among the homeless in the immediate future. While the demand for end-of-life

care services may be growing among the homeless in North America, this population faces many barriers to accessing end-of-life care services [24,25,29,30]. In North America, the end-of-life care system is largely Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical premised on a series of assumptions that do not reflect the experiences and circumstances of homeless populations. Specifically, the end-of-life care system generally assumes that prospective clients are housed, supported by family Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and friends, and able to pay for supplementary care. In Canada, where our research was conducted, hospice and palliative care services are underdeveloped [31] and are structured in ways that limit access for heptaminol homeless populations. For example, existing service structures emphasize family caregivers and dying-in-place (i.e., the home) [31,32]. Accordingly, in many regions, end-of-life care services are oriented toward providing home care support and potentially limit access for homeless or precariously housed persons. Hospice and hospital-based end-of-life care services are also available to provide an additional source of care in many communities, especially in urban centres [31]. However, homeless populations are often unable to access hospice or hospital-based end-of-life care due to rules and regulations (e.g. anti-drug policies, codes of behaviour, etc.) that exclude NU7026 mouse substance-using populations [29,30].