(C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“Knowing enough information about pain and its management to adequately care for people in pain may seem challenging,
especially for primary care providers who provide the bulk of pain management services in the SNX-5422 supplier United States. Few, if any, primary care providers received training beyond the names of a few analgesics and the rudiments of pain assessments. Fortunately, many national and international societies provide health care practitioners with pain-related education, resources, and tools. Education may be tied to pain certification or specialization, or provided solely for the benefit of practitioners. Due in large part to the World Wide Web, much information PLX4032 purchase about pain is readily available online.”
“The antimicrobial effectiveness or preservative effectiveness test is described in the tripartite compendia for sterile parenteral multi-dose formulated products. The execution of the test is essentially harmonized with respect to inoculum preparation and test execution but not the acceptance criteria. This article describes how a single test can be performed that procedurally satisfies all of the compendia and their acceptance criteria.”
“Background: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
(HADS) is commonly used to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression in motor neurone disease (MND). The measure has never been specifically validated for use within this population, despite questions selleckchem raised about the scale’s validity. This study seeks to analyse the construct validity of the HADS in MND by fitting its data to the Rasch model.
Methods: The scale was administered to 298 patients with MND. Scale assessment included model fit, differential item functioning (DIF), unidimensionality, local dependency and category threshold analysis.
Results: Rasch analyses were carried out on the HADS total score as well as
depression and anxiety subscales (HADS-T, D and A respectively). After removing one item from both of the seven item scales, it was possible to produce modified HADS-A and HADS-D scales which fit the Rasch model. An 11-item higher-order HADS-T total scale was found to fit the Rasch model following the removal of one further item.
Conclusion: Our results suggest that a modified HADS-A and HADS-D are unidimensional, free of DIF and have good fit to the Rasch model in this population. As such they are suitable for use in MND clinics or research. The use of the modified HADS-T as a higher-order measure of psychological distress was supported by our data. Revised cut-off points are given for the modified HADS-A and HADS-D subscales.