Biochim Biophys Acta 2008,1778(12):2775–2780.PubMedCrossRef GSI-IX in vitro 44. Schnider U, Keel C, Voisard C, Defago G, Haas D: Tn5-directed cloning of pqq genes from Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0: mutational inactivation

of the genes results in overproduction of the antibiotic pyoluteorin. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995,61(11):3856–3864.PubMed 45. Simon RPU, Pehle A: A broad host range mobilization system for in vitro genetic engineering: transposon mutagenesis in Gram-negative bacteria. biotechology 1983, 1:784–790.CrossRef Authors’ contributions DS carried out most experiments and analyzed most of the data. AM wrote the manuscript, participated in the design of the study and analyzed most of the data. GR participated in the molecular genetic studies, and participated in the design of the study. JG initiated and participated in the design of the study. NC helped set

up general laboratory experimental conditions. MF and NO were involved in designing the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Bacteria in the Francisella genus are nonmotile, nonsporulating, gram-negative coccobacilli. Francisella causes a zoonotic disease; humans can become infected via a variety of mechanisms including inhalation of an extremely low infectious dose [1]. F. tularensis primarily targets macrophages where bacterial survival and replication occurs [1]. The genus Francisella is divided into two species: tularensis and philomiragia. Francisella tularensis has four subspecies: Geneticin F. tularensis subspecies tularensis (formerly F. tularensis,) F. tularensis subspecies holarctica (which includes the live vaccine Thalidomide strain, LVS), F. tularensis subspecies mediasiatica, and F. tularensis subspecies novicida (F. novicida) [2]. Subspecies of Francisella tularensis are further separated into two types depending on their virulence. Type A strains include Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis Schu S4 (F. tularensis

Schu S4) and are more virulent [3], except for the ATCC type strain F. tularensis subsp. tularensis NIH B38 which is avirulent [4–6]. Francisella Type A strains are normally associated with ticks and rabbits and are restricted to North America. Type B strains (Francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica and mediasiatica) are less virulent and cause tularemia throughout Eurasia [3]. Standard recommended antibiotic treatment for tularemia includes oral tetracycline antibiotics (e.g. doxycycline) and fluoroquinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin) which have adverse side-effects on pediatric and the elderly patients, and individuals with liver disease. Aminoglycosides such as streptomycin and gentamicin can be injected intravenously or Selleckchem Dorsomorphin intramuscularly [7], but are not commonly used. Macrolides are oral antibiotics commonly used to treat bacterial respiratory illnesses.