As a stand-alone construct, the I/F Cage yields suboptimal radiographic and clinical outcomes. Additional benefit may be

gained from adjunctive posterior stabilization.”
“During rice (Oryza sativa L.) seed development, the primary U0126 endosperm nucleus undergoes a series of divisions without cytokinesis, producing a multinucleate cell, known as a syncytium. After several rounds of rapid nuclear proliferation, the syncytium ceases to undergo mitosis; thereafter, the syncytium is partitioned into individual cells by a specific type of cytokinesis called cellularization. The transition between syncytium and cellularization is important in determining the final seed size and is a model for studying the cell cycle and cytokinesis. The involvement of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors (CKIs) in cell cycle control was investigated here during the transition between syncytium and cellularization. It was found that one of the rice FG-4592 CKIs, Orysa;KRP3, is strongly expressed in the caryopsis at 2 d after flowering (DAF), and its expression is significantly reduced at 3 DAF. The other CKI transcripts did not show such a shift

at 2 DAF. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that Orysa;KRP3 is expressed in multinucleate syncytial endosperm at 2 DAF, but not in cellularized endosperm at 3 DAF. Two-hybrid assays showed that Orysa;KRP3 binds Orysa;CDKA;1, Orysa;CDKA;2, Orysa;CycA1;1, and Orysa;CycD2;2. By contrast, Orysa;CDKB2;1 and Orysa;CycB2;2 do not show binding to

Orysa;KRP3. Orysa;KRP3 was able to rescue yeast premature cell division due to the dominant positive expression of mutant rice CDKA;1 indicating that Orysa;KRP3 inhibited rice CDK. These data suggest that Orysa;KRP3 is involved in cell cycle control of syncytial endosperm.”
“Study Design. Laboratory biomechanical experiment.

Objective. To evaluate how different anterior cervical collar heights restrict full, active range of motion (ROM), and functional ROM during 15 activities of daily living.

Summary of Background Data. Hard cervical collars are commonly used in the clinical setting. Collar fit is presumed to affect immobilization, making neck height an important find more variable. No prior study has evaluated how different collar heights affect full, active and functional ROM.

Methods. A previously validated electrogoniometer device was employed to quantify both full, active, and functional ROM. For each of 10 subjects, these ROM measurements were repeated without a collar and with an adjustable, hard collar (Aspen Vista) at each of 6 collar neck height settings.

Results. For each increase in collar height, there was a corresponding decrease in mean full, active ROM of 3.7% (3 degrees) in the sagittal plane (R(2) = 0.91, P = 0.003), 3.9% (3 degrees) in the coronal plane (R(2) = 0.88, P = 0.005), and 2.8% (4 degrees) in the rotational plane (R(2) = 0.86, P = 0.006).