ARF6 was found recruited to the PV of T. gondii tachyzoites and ARF6 activity was necessary for cell invasion by tachyzoites of T. gondii[14]. These reports about the function of the GTPases on the PVM in T.

gondii Momelotinib invasion urged us to hypothesize what is the function of the host cell Rho and Rac1 accumulating on the PVM. Both the indirect immunofluorescence staining of the endogenous RhoA and Rac1 of the host cell, and the over-expressed CFP-tagged RhoA and Rac1 recombinant proteins in the host cell indicated the recruitment of RhoA and Rac1 in the PVM of T. gondii tachyzoites (Figure 1). From the real-time observation of the invasion of the host cell by T. gondii tachyzoites, we found that the recruitment of RhoA to the PVM happened at the very beginning of the invasion either from the membrane or from the cytosol (Figure 2). Those over-expressed CFP-tagged dominant negative mutants RhoA-N19 and Rac1-N17 did not accumulate to the PVM (Figure 3) implying the recruitment of RhoA and Rac1 is dependent on their selleck chemicals llc GTPase activity. The GST-pull down assay detected greater amounts of GTP-bound RhoA and Rac1 in the infected host cells than in uninfected cells (Figure 4). Through CFP-tagged RhoA and Rac1 being visualized under the GFP filter, we found that RhoA and Rac1 GTPases in the host cell cytosol were translocated to the host cell membrane following EGF

activation, while unlike the GTPases LY2874455 in the cytosol, RhoA or Rac1 on the PVM did not diffuse, translocate or respond to EGF activation. EGF activates RhoA and Rac1 through activation of the EGF pathway [24, 25]. This observation led us to hypothesize that the Rho and Rac1 GTPase recruited on the PVM

probably was GTP-bound and could not be activated again by EGF, while most of the GTPases in the cytosol are in GDP-bound form and could be continually activated and translocated to the cell membrane upon EGF activation (Figure 6). These observed results imply the invasion of the tachyzoites need the activation of RhoA and Rac1 GTPases; and the recruitment Aurora Kinase of these activated GTPases to the PVM is much more than a phenomenon as it may perform some as yet undefined but important function(s). The decisive RhoA GTPases motifs for recruitment to parasitophorous vacuole membrane following T. gondii invasion Wild-type Rho and Rac GTPases with normal GTPase activity were recruited to the PVM, but those mutants that constitutively bind only GDP (RhoA-N19 and Rac1-N17) lacked this ability. The 10 amino acid sequentially deleted RhoA mutants were used in the identification of the definitive motif(s) necessary for the recruitment to the PVM. M2 (RhoAΔ11–20), M3 (RhoAΔ21–30), M4 (RhoAΔ31–40), M7 (RhoAΔ61–70) and M17 (RhoAΔ161–170) lacked the ability to be recruited to the PVM (Figure 5).