An additional band of ∼55 kDa could be detected when cells were co-transfected with MCL and Mincle-FLAG that likely corresponds to a heterodimer

(Fig. 3A). This heterodimer band was the only band that could be detected following anti-FLAG immunoprecipitation, and was only recovered from cells that were co-transfected with Mincle-FLAG and MCL (Fig. 3A). This association between MCL and Mincle was confirmed by the reverse immunoprecipitation with anti-MCL. When MCL and Mincle were co-transfected, a band of ∼28 kDa corresponding to Mincle-FLAG was observed under reducing conditions, while a band of ∼55 kDa was seen under nonreducing conditions. Mincle thus migrated as a monomer under reducing conditions and as a heterodimer under nonreducing conditions, indicating that Mincle and MCL are disulfide linked. No bands were seen when MCL was co-transfected with DCIR-1 (Fig. 3B). Immunoprecipitation with anti-MCL showed co-precipitation SRT1720 research buy of FcεRI-γ when MCL was transfected together with Mincle, indicating that the receptor complex consists of MCL and Mincle https://www.selleckchem.com/products/MLN-2238.html coupled to the FcεRI-γ adaptor protein. MCL lacks a positively charged residue in the transmembrane region. Accordingly, co-precipitation

of FcεRI-γ was not seen when this adaptor was co-transfected with MCL alone (data not shown) or together with MCL in combination with DCIR-1 (Fig. 3C), demonstrating that MCL does not associate directly with FcεRI-γ. Our data indicate that Mincle and MCL form covalently linked heteromers at the cell surface, thus allowing

MCL to indirectly associate with FcεRI-γ. It is likely that this association explains the previously described activating functions of MCL [4]. The individual contributions of the MCL, Mincle, and FcεRI-γ chains on phagocytosis could not be easily dissected in myeloid cells. We therefore chose to study phagocytosis in transfected 293T cells. Non-phagocytic cells have previously been used for phagocytosis assays following transfection of specific receptors [18-20]. In such cells, phagosomes mature, acidify, and Grape seed extract can inhibit bacterial growth [18]. In addition, 293T cells have also been shown to be able to donate ER membrane to phagosomes to allow cross-presentation of internalized antigens [19]. Thus, this experimental system appears to replicate many aspects of phagocytosis as mediated by professional phagocytes, and allows analysis of individual receptors in the absence of confounding factors. Cells were transfected with combinations of Mincle, MCL, and FcεRI-γ, and then exposed to beads coated with anti-Mincle or anti-MCL antibodies. Cells only phagocytosed Ab-coated beads if they had been transfected with the relevant receptor (Fig. 4A and B). Isotype-coated beads were internalized by no more than 1% of the cells (data not shown). Anti-Mincle beads (Fig. 4A) were taken up more efficiently than anti-MCL beads (Fig.