Additionally, the ratio of the C2 and C3 alkyl dibenzothiophenes to phenanthrenes were sometimes compared for consistency click here with the MC252 source oil. It is well established that oil biomarkers provide chemical fingerprinting information that can be used to distinguish one oil from another, even oils with similar geographic origins. We recognize, however, that some Louisiana Sweet Crudes (LSC) have very similar biomarker profiles and could potentially be

mis-identified as MC252 oil. Only one LSC, however, was spilled in massive quantities and reached the sampled areas in 2010. Samples of coastal marsh sediments collected in spring 2010 (pre-spill) established that there was not significant evidence of widespread oil contamination before the DWH disaster. It is important to

point out that oil residues from oil spills are very heterogeneously distributed. Some samples taken post-coastal oiling from visually impacted areas did not have the typical unresolved complex mixtures (UCM) indicative of oil contamination, while others had a very significant amount of UCMs. Furthermore, the biomarker profiles for samples with oil contamination were very similar to the biomarker profiles in the MC252 oil, and only the MC252 oil was PD0332991 concentration spilled in significant amounts at that time or since. Given the facts that biomarker profiles were very similar to MC252 oil and a significant UCM was present, most if not all of the residues were interpreted to be from the DWH disaster and not from other LSC oil wells. The multi-agency damage assessment operations employed the Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Technique (SCAT) during

the active portion of the spill defined five levels of oil exposure (Michel et al., 2013). The SCAT oiling categories were based on visual field inspection, usually from a boat, to assess the width of the oiled marsh, the percent vegetative cover Baricitinib that was oiled, and the oil thickness. We matched these color-coded categories of oiling from the SCAT surveys (red, orange, yellow, green and blue; heavy, moderate, light, very light, and trace, respectively) (http://gomex.erma.noaa.gov/erma.html#x=-89.88671&y=29.50386&z=12&layers=10012) with the contemporaneous estimated concentration of alkanes (mg kg−1) and aromatics (μg kg−1) for September 2010 and February 2011. We calculated the average water level at Grand Isle, LA, using data from NOAA tide gage 8761724 at Grand Isle, LA. The water levels are daily means calculated from the hourly values which are referenced to the local water level gage datum. The Mean Sea Level at the gage is 2.015 meters. Concurrent water levels measured on the marsh surface during sampling trips were compared to the recorded values at gage 8761724 to estimate marsh level. The concentration values below the detection limit were defined as ‘zero’ values.