The most common risk factors were low HDL (36.3%), abdominal obesity (30.6%) and hypercholesterolaemia (23.8%). The prevalence of high cardiovascular risk scores (≥10% risk of CHD in 10 years) was low (Table 1). This prevalence was 78 (9.9%), 16 (2.1%) and six (0.8%) by the Framingham, Rama-EGAT and D:A:D scoring systems, respectively. Only eight subjects (1.0%) had a history of CHD. The

mean CD4 count was 569 cells/μL. Most participants had HIV RNA<50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL (90.2%) after a Obeticholic Acid clinical trial mean of 7.7 years of ART. Almost half (47.3%) had a history of lipodystrophy and almost two-thirds (63.2%) had a history of d4T use. Mean duration since HIV diagnosis was 10.0 years. Bland–Altman plots revealed that the Framingham equation predicted higher CHD risk as compared with the Rama-EGAT and D:A:D equations (Fig. 1a and b). On average, the Framingham risk score was 1.4% (SD 3.9%) higher than the Rama-EGAT score MEK inhibitor and 1.5% (SD 3.7%) higher than

the D:A:D score. The limits of agreement showed that the Framingham score could be as high as 9.1% above or as low as 6.4% below the Rama-EGAT score, and as high as 8.9% above or as low as 5.9% below the D:A:D score. The 95% confidence limits (i.e. upper and lower values of the 95% confidence intervals for the limits of agreement) were −9.5% and 6.9% for the Rama-EGAT Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase and −9.4% and 6.4% for the D:A:D, when each was compared with the Framingham. The Bland–Altman plot comparing the D:A:D and Rama-EGAT equations (Fig. 1c) demonstrated better agreement between these two scoring systems. The average difference was smaller (−0.16%) and limits of agreement narrower (−3.9% and 3.6% with 95% confidence limits −4.1% and 3.8%). Differences among all three risk scores were most pronounced for subjects with higher average risk scores. No HIV-related variables were significantly associated with a high Rama-EGAT score, except for history of d4T use, which reached marginal significance (χ2df=1=4.0, P=0.047). Longer ART duration (χ2df=1=8.4, P=0.015) and current viral suppression (χ2df=1=7.1, P=0.008) were significantly associated

with a high Framingham score in the univariate analysis, but lost statistical significance in the multivariate analysis (Wald P>0.05). In terms of missing data, only 2.3% of subjects had missing Rama-EGAT or D:A:D risk scores, while 100% of subjects had Framingham risk scores calculated. Overall, 30.7% of subjects were missing some data, mostly duration since HIV diagnosis (19.9%), ART duration (4.1%) and family history data (3.9%). However, in a sensitivity analysis there were no significant differences in average risk scores of subjects with complete vs. missing data (data not shown). In this cohort of Thai subjects with stable HIV infection on long-term ART, we found low overall cardiovascular risk, as predicted by the Framingham, Rama-EGAT and D:A:D risk equations.