8mm in 2010, and the mean annual temperature ranged from 7.98��C in 2010 to 9.59��C in 2008.Figure 1Monthly average temperature selleck chemicals Vandetanib and monthly precipitation sum at studied region for six successive study years 2007�C2012.In order to determine the edaphic conditions before plantation establishment, topsoil samples were randomly selected from the depth of 15cm. The main soil properties were analysed. The topsoil was characterized by an average content of organic matter (1.55%), high phosphorus (84.1mg P?kg?1, PN-R-04023:1996), average potassium (72.2mg K?kg?1, PN-R-04022:1996+Az1:2002), very low magnesium (2.4mg Mg?kg?1, PN-R-04020:1994+Az1:2004), and acid reaction (pH in H2O��4.18 and in 1mol?dm?3 KCl��3.79, PN-ISO 10390:1997).2.2. Plant Material and Experimental DesignThe field experiment was established in April 2007 in three ways of plant establishment.

The plants were introduced as clone seedlings (CS) and rosettes (RS) and by sowing (SS).The randomly chosen ramets taken from edge of 6-year-old genets after their natural disintegration just before planting were transplanted individually into the field. The plants are marked as CS.The nine-month-old rosettes that were established after spontaneous seed germination and originated from the collection; subsequently, they were individually transplanted into small pits. The plants are marked as RS. In another field experiment conducted in recent years to assess the mortality rates of plants, spontaneous seedling recruitment was observed, hence the idea of using thereof for introduction into cultivation.A.

montana seeds (achenes) for sowing were collected from 15 individuals from the arnica collection at the end of June 2006 and stored dry and at room temperature. At the end of April 2007, only dark and firm achenes were selected and sown into rows, where soil taken from mother plantation was scattered. Our earlier experiments indicated that soil taken from plants, compared to commonly used standard substrates, exerted a significant impact on seedling emergence and plant growth. After sowing, the soil was slightly pressed to improve the soil contact with the seeds. Ten weeks after sowing, when the seedlings formed rosettes characterized by 3-4 leafs, individuals were left in rows at 20cm intervals. The plants are marked as SS.The A.

montana seeds were sown and the seedlings were transplanted at a 40 �� 20 cm distance, thus ensuring almost the same plant densities (12.5 plants/m?2). Carfilzomib The experimental unit was made up of 75 plants. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications (plots of 6m?2). During the vegetation period, the plantation was three times weeded by hand. We observed vegetative and reproductive traits and survival of genets from the point of view of species biology; therefore, the flower heads were not harvested. Simultaneously, the same characteristics were studied in the other field experiment after harvesting flower heads.