8% NaCl intake by sodium depleted rats; however, the same dose of α,β-methylene ATP injected into the LPBN produced no change in 1.8% NaCl intake by sodium replete rats. Therefore, the present results clearly show that purinergic mechanisms in the LPBN facilitate sodium ingestion induced by the activation of an excitatory mechanism like those activated by sodium depletion. Results showed no evidence that activation of purinergic P2X receptors in the LPBN may affect sodium or water

intake by satiated rats, however, only one dose of α,β-methylene ATP was tested in satiated rats. Therefore, more studies testing the effects of higher doses of α,β-methylene ATP injected into the LPBN in satiated rats are necessary to confirm this suggestion. Injections Venetoclax clinical trial of PPADS into the LPBN at the same

dose that blocked the effects of α,β-methylene ATP produced no change in NaCl intake induced by sodium depletion. Therefore, although P2X receptor activation in the LPBN facilitates sodium depletion-induced NaCl intake, it seems that the activation of these receptors is not necessary for sodium ingestion by sodium depleted rats. In contrast to PPADS, suramin, a non-selective P2 purinergic antagonist into the LPBN almost abolished sodium depletion-induced NaCl intake, suggesting that activation of purinergic receptors in the LPBN is essential for NaCl intake by sodium depleted HSP phosphorylation rats. More specifically, sodium appetite arises only if purinergic mechanisms are activated. In addition, a specific subpopulation of P2X receptors may block inhibitory mechanisms, thereby further increasing salt intake. Suramin or α,β-methylene ATP injection into the LPBN produced opposite effects on NaCl intake but, when combined, they produced no ADP ribosylation factor effect. Considering that suramin might block purinergic P2X and P2Y receptors (Ralevic and Burnstock, 1998), no effect of α,β-methylene ATP was

expected after suramin. However, injections of α,β-methylene ATP reduced the effects of suramin in the LPBN, which suggests that α,β-methylene ATP was still acting and produced effects opposite to that of suramin. Thus, no change in sodium intake was observed. Although suramin is a non-specific antagonist for P2X and P2Y receptors, it has been suggested that suramin may not block P2X4 and P2X6 receptor subtypes (Ralevic and Burnstock, 1998), which might be activated by α,β-methylene ATP to facilitate sodium intake and oppose the effects of suramin. Further studies testing the effects of agonists and antagonists for different purinergic receptors in the LPBN are necessary to investigate this possibility. Although the present results clearly show that purinergic mechanisms in the LPBN are involved in the control of sodium intake, it is important to consider that they probably do not act alone and may interact with other neurotransmitters in the LPBN to control this behavior.