3A).

Among the molecules belonging to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family, the α-type isoform is involved in hepatic lipid metabolism and is regulated by adipokines such as adiponectin. Adipo-R2 serves as a receptor for the globular and full-length adiponectin molecule. In HFD-fed rats, both PPAR-α and adipo-R2 were significantly reduced compared with the control group (Fig. 3A,B). TNF-α, TGF-β, and tTG up-regulation was counteracted by treatment with coffee, polyphenols, or melanoidins (the latter to a lesser extent). PPAR-α and adipo-R2 down-regulation in HFD-fed rats might represent a hepatic feature of NASH, indicating that reduced lipid breakdown Saracatinib datasheet occurred in this rat model of NASH in addition to an increased fatty acid afflux to the liver. Indeed, coffee or coffee polyphenol treatment associated with an HFD counteracted this down-regulation (Fig. 3A,B). As shown by immunohistochemistry (Fig. 4),

adipo-R2, which was widely distributed in control rats, was scarcely represented in HFD-fed rats and was restored by coffee or coffee polyphenols. This finding suggests that both coffee and its polyphenols may account for the reduced deposition of cholesterol and triglycerides in the liver. The biomarkers of antioxidant learn more status measured in both serum and liver samples from each group are shown in Table 1. The data showed that in both serum and livers, HFD-fed rats always had significantly higher concentrations of GSSG than control rats. Coffee, polyphenols, or melanoidins reduced GSSG concentrations in HFD-fed rats drinking coffee compared with those drinking water. In particular, a clear

effect of the three coffee beverages on GSSG reduction (P < 0.05 versus fantofarone HFD + water) was recorded in serum samples, whereas it was not significant in the livers of melanoidin-treated rats (0.82 ± 0.14 nmol/mg protein versus 1.02 ± 0.09 nmol/mg protein). In contrast, GSH levels were not significantly altered by an HFD except for a decrease in the livers of rats drinking melanoidins. Among HFD-fed rats, a significant increase of systemic GSH was associated with polyphenol treatment, whereas a slight reduction was associated with melanoidins (116.65 ± 11.43 μM and 64.32 ± 7.82 μM versus 72.99 ± 12.66 μM, respectively).