236, UK, 100 or 150 μg) and aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3, Sigma-Aldrich, UK, 100 or 150 mg) in 1 ml of normal saline on days 1 and 5 or days 1, 4 and 7. Guinea-pigs were exposed to inhaled ovalbumin (100 μg/ml or 300 μg/ml) on days 15 or 21. Exposure was performed in a Perspex exposure chamber (15 × 30 × 15 cm) using a DeVilbiss nebuliser, delivered at a rate of 0.3 ml/min-1 and at an air pressure of 20 ib p.s.i.

Guinea-pigs were exposed for 1 h. Control groups of guinea-pigs were sensitised by the same protocols and exposed to aerosolised saline. Lung function was recorded C59 wnt manufacturer at intervals for 12 h and at 24 h post-challenge, the animals being removed from the chamber after each determination. Six different Ova sensitisation and challenge conditions were used based on the original protocol of Smith and Broadley (2007). This protocol is referred to as protocol 1. Changes were made cumulatively from protocols 1 to 5. Protocol 6 is a modification of protocol 4 (Table 1). Airway function was measured in conscious, spontaneously breathing guinea-pigs using non-invasive double chamber plethysmography (PY-5551, Buxco systems, USA) to measure specific airway conductance (sGaw). Airway responses to aerosolized histamine were determined before and 24 h after Ova challenge using whole body plethysmography. Histamine Selleck ISRIB (0.3 mM) was nebulised

(Buxco nebuliser) direct to the nasal component of the plethysmograph chamber at a rate of 0.5 l per minute, 2 min nebulisation, and 10% duty setting per chamber. This nebulizer protocol evokes minimal bronchoconstriction in naïve guinea-pigs and before Ova challenge of sensitised animals. Lung function was measured before histamine inhalation and at 0, 5 and 10 min post-histamine exposure. Following the final histamine challenge, guinea-pigs were sacrificed by an intra-peritoneal overdose of sodium pentobarbitone

(Euthatal 400 mg/kg). Guinea-pigs were then bled via severance of a carotid artery and subsequently a polypropylene cannula was Sodium butyrate inserted into the trachea. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed using normal saline (1 ml per 100 g of guinea-pig weight) instilled through the cannula for 3 min before withdrawal. This process was then repeated, the samples pooled and total number of cells/ml counted using a Neubauer haemocytometer. Differential cell counts were performed after centrifuging 100 μl of undiluted lavage fluid using a Shandon cytospin onto glass microscope slides, at 110 g for 7 min. Slides were subsequently stained with 1.5% Leishman’s solution in 100% methanol for 6 min. Leukocyte subpopulations counted included eosinophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils. A minimum of 200 cells per slide were counted. Lung lobe samples were stored in 4% formaldehyde and 1–2 mm bilateral sections cut. Samples were dehydrated in increasing concentrations of ethanol and then chloroform.