16 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) data revealed that the age-adjusted prevalence of MS increased significantly from 24.9% in 1998, 29.2% in 2001, and 30.4% in 2005 to 31.3% in 2007.17 Among the five components of MS, the Gemcitabine nmr level of low HDL-cholesterol increased the most, by 13.8% over 10 years. Next was abdominal obesity, which increased by 8.7%, then hypertriglyceridemia, which increased by 4.9%. Lipid abnormality and abdominal obesity were major factors in increasing prevalence of MS in Koreans over 10 years, reflecting a Westernized diet pattern and sedentary lifestyle. In addition, obesity, which is the major factor in the development of

MS has become

a common problem in both children and adults. Hildrum et al.18 conducted a large Norwegian population-based study and found that the prevalence of MS was highly age-dependent. This was evident especially in women, with a sevenfold increase in prevalence from age groups 20–29 years to 80–89 years. In Korea, Kim et al.19 analyzed data from the third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES III). The prevalence of MS was 6.4 (95% CI 4.5–8.4) and 22.3 (95% CI 20.8–23.8) in adolescents and adults, respectively. Prevalence was lower in women and all age groups showed a significant gender difference, except for the 50–59 year age group; men had a higher prevalence than women for all age groups 10–49. DOK2 Afatinib mouse A rapid increase was observed in the 30–59 age group in both genders, (8.8 and 19.1% aged in the 30s; 16.5 and 29.7% aged in the 40s; and 36.4 and 39.1% aged in the 50s for women and men, respectively). Women had a higher prevalence in the 60-year and above age group. They also found that the obesity was closely correlated with a high risk of MS. There have been some data about the correlation between MS and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Well-known lifestyle factors, such as the consumption of food such

as meat and fat, are widely known high-risk factors of BPH. Recent epidemiological studies have revealed that, to a large extent, lifestyle factors associated with metabolism—including obesity, blood glucose, exercise, and diet—also contribute substantially to the development of these conditions.20 The clinical pathophysiologic background of MS is compounding; leading to neurological or vascular damages to the lower urinary tract (Fig. 1). These observations are important because they suggest the existence of modifiable pathways for BPH and LUTS that offer novel targets for prevention and treatment. Factors that increase or decrease the risk for BPH are also factors that increase or decrease the risk for MS (Table 1). BPH is the most common prostate disease in middle-aged and elderly men, and the risk of developing BPH increases with advancing age.