Methods: A modified

Aho method was employed to establish a SAP rat model. Laser scanning confocal immunofluorescence microscopy was employed to detect the amount of ICC, and transmission electron microscopy was employed for observation of ultrastructure of ICC and nerve-ICC-smooth muscle network. Results: The amount of ICC reduced, the intercellular space of ICC buy YH25448 was enlarged, cell processes reduced or were absent, cell morphology was irregular, and ICC had unclear borderline, reduced organelles, impaired organelles, nuclear shrinkage and deformation. The junctions between ICC and between ICC and smooth muscle cell/nerve reduced, and the network-like structure was disrupted. Conclusion: In SAP, ICC reduces, with disrupted ultrastructure, and the integrity of network among intestinal nerve, ICC and smooth muscle is impaired, both of which may affect the intestinal functions.”
“Secretory vesicles of chromaffin cells are acidic organelles that maintain an increasing pH gradient towards the cytosol (5.5 vs. 7.3) that is mediated by V-ATPase activity. This FK228 mw gradient is primarily responsible for the accumulation of large concentrations

of amines and Ca2+, although the mechanisms mediating Ca2+ uptake and release from granules, and the physiological relevance of these processes, remain unclear. The presence of a vesicular matrix appears to create a bi-compartmentalised medium in which the major fractions of solutes, including catecholamines, nucleotides and Ca2+, are strongly associated with vesicle proteins, particularly chromogranins. This association appears to be favoured at acidic pH values. It has been demonstrated that disrupting the pH gradient of secretory vesicles reduces their rate of exocytosis and promotes the leakage ISRIB ic50 of vesicular amines and Ca2+, dramatically increasing the movement of secretory vesicles and triggering exocytosis. In this short review, we will discuss the data available that highlights the importance of pH in regulating the association between chromogranins, vesicular amines

and Ca2+. We will also address the potential role of vesicular Ca2+ in two major processes in secretory cells, vesicle movement and exocytosis. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Central pain syndrome (CPS) is defined as pain associated with a lesion of the CNS and is a common consequence of spinal cord injuries. We generated a rodent model of CPS by making unilateral electrolytic or demyelinating lesions centered on the spinothalamic tract in rats. Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia occurred in both hind paws and forepaws by 7 d postlesion and were maintained >31 d. Field potentials in the ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL) in thalamic brain slices from lesioned animals displayed an increased probability of burst responses.