4 vs 1.6% and 19.4 vs 8.8%, respectively). The cancer disease promoted the development of dysthymia (n = 4 new cases/6 two-year prevalent cases) and PTSD (7/7) and the re-emergence of MDD (n NSC 66389 = 21 relapses/28 three-year prevalent cases) and GAD (10115). No improvement in serious mood disorders such as MDD (16.0 vs 7.2%) and dysthymia (4.2 vs 0%) was reported at the time of interview, more than 1.75 years (median time) after the cancer surgery, the prevalence being 2-4 times greater in breast cancer survivors than in controls.

Conclusion: Despite significant advances in treatment, a diagnosis of breast cancer is highly associated with various forms of psychopathology, regardless

of psychiatric history, with symptoms persisting after treatment.

These results may assist clinicians in planning mental healthcare for women with breast cancer. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, inflammatory, autoimmune disorder with progressive articular damage that may result in lifelong disability. Although major strides in understanding the disease have been made, the pathogenesis of RA has not yet been fully elucidated. Early treatment can prevent severe disability and lead to remarkable patient benefits, although a lack of therapeutic efficiency in a considerable number of patients remains problematic.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that, depending CAL-101 molecular weight upon base pairing to messenger RNA (mRNA), mediate mRNA cleavage, translational repression or m RNA destabilization. As fine tuning regulators of gene expression, miRNAs are involved in crucial cellular processes and their dysregulation has been described in many cell types in different diseases. In body fluids, miRNAs are present in microvesicles or

incorporated into complexes with Argonaute 2 (Ago2) or high-density lipoproteins and show high stability. Therefore, they are of interest as potential biomarkers of disease in daily diagnostic applications. Targeting miRNAs by gain or loss of function approaches have brought therapeutic effects in various animal models.

Over the past several years it has become clear that alterations exist in the expression of miRNAs in patients with RA. Increasing numbers of studies VX-680 concentration have shown that dysregulation of miRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells or isolated T lymphocytes, in synovial tissue and synovial fibroblasts that are considered key effector cells in joint destruction, contributes to inflammation, degradation of extracellular matrix and invasive behaviour of resident cells. Thereby, miRNAs maintain the pathophysiological process typical of RA.

The aim of the current review is to discuss the available evidence linking the expression of miRNAs to inflammatory and immune response in RA and their potential as biomarkers and the novel targets for treatment in patients with RA.