In this regard, contrast-enhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans give useful information for planning operative strategy.”
“Purpose: The aim of this research work was to formulate, characterize and evaluate the in vitro permeation behavior of tramadol lotion containing propylene glycol (PG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as
permeation enhancers.
Methods: The permeation experiments were conducted in vitro using full thickness rabbit skin in Franz diffusion cells. The donor compartment was filled with PBS (phosphate buffered saline) at pH 7.4 +/- 0.1. The receptor phase was continuously learn more stirred PBS (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C +/- 0.5. The amount of tramadol permeated into the receptor phase was determined spectrophotometrically at 271 nm. Various permeation parameters such as permeation coefficient (Kp), diffusion coefficient (D), flux (J), input rate, and enhancement ratio were obtained using
Fick’s diffusion laws.
Results: Permeation increased with increase in the concentrations of both enhancers tested. Maximum cumulative amount permeated for control lotion (L-c) was 357 mu g/cm(2)/min with input rate 0.574 mu g/min and lag time (t(lag)) of 34.93 min, while for the optimum test lotion (L-4, containing 8 % PG/PEG in ratio of 1:1 v/v), it was 926 mu g/cm(2)/min, 1.482 mu g/min and 58.36 min, respectively. The significantly (p < 0.05) higher permeability shown by the test lotion L-4 can be attributed, selleck chemicals llc in part, to the interaction of PG with intercellular lipids leading to the disruption of their organization and increasing Selleckchem PF-562271 their fluidity, and also partly as a result of solubilization
of lipid bilayers by PEG.
Conclusion: A binary system of PG and PEG in lotion can be successfully utilized for the permeation enhancement of tramadol.”
“Objective: To determine the value of vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) test in clinical evaluation of air-bone gaps.
Study Design: Retrospective case review.
Setting: Tertiary referral center.
Patients: A total of 120 patients underwent VEMP testing during clinical investigation of significant air-bone gaps in their audiograms.
Intervention(s): Otologic examination and surgeries, high-resolution computerized tomography (CT), air and bone audiometry, tympanometry, acoustic reflex, and VEMP test.
Main Outcome Measure(s): Imaging studies demonstrating structural anomalies in the temporal bone. Audiologic outcomes of air-bone gaps and VEMP thresholds. Surgical findings confirming imaging results.
Results: Middle ear pathologies, such as otosclerosis and chronic otitis media, were identified in 50 patients, and all of them had absent VEMP responses elicited by air-conduction stimuli. Moreover, 13 of them had successful middle ear surgeries with closures of the air-bone gaps.