The tissue was then teased gently using 26G needle to form single cell preparation. The cell suspension was passed through cell strainer (100 μ Nylon; BD) and given washings thrice and finally suspended in DMEM. Cells were viewed under phase contrast (Olympus, 40×) and counted using Vemurafenib supplier trypan blue staining to determine

cell viability in a haemocytometer.1 ml of 105 cells/ml was seeded in each well of 12 Selleck GSK461364 well plate and incubated at 37°C in 5%CO2. The cells were monitored each day for cell density and increase in cell size, using crystal violet staining of smears prepared from the cells. Preparation of NEC and bacteria inoculum for adherence, invasion and cytotoxicity assay Cells obtained on day 5 of culturing were aspirated from their respective wells and transferred to microfuge tube. Cells were centrifuged at 1800 rpm for 10 min at 4°C. The pellet so obtained was washed twice with PBS (pH 7.2) and finally re-suspended in DMEM. Cells were stained using trypan blue and counted in haemocytometer. An average of 106 nasal cells/ml were used for adherence assay. S. aureus ATCC 43300(MRSA), S. aureus ATCC 29213(MSSA) and five different clinical MRSA isolates (for which phage MR-10 showed activity) were used in the adherence, invasion and cytotoxicity assay. Single colony of bacteria was inoculated in sterile BHI broth and incubated overnight. Next day, learn more cells were harvested by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 15 minutes at 4°C. The pellet so obtained

was washed twice with sterile normal saline (0.85%). The final pellet obtained was suspended in normal saline and its O.D(600 nm) adjusted so as to obtain cell density corresponding Amylase to 108 CFU/ml. This was confirmed by plating on nutrient agar plates. Adherence assay Washed nasal

epithelial cells, re-suspended in DMEM were seeded in 12 well plate. Bacterial suspension (corresponding to 1 × 108 CFU/ml) was added to obtain a ratio of 10:1(Bacteria : nasal epithelial cells). Following 3 h of incubation at 37°C in 5% CO2, the inoculum was removed and the epithelial cells were washed thrice with PBS by centrifugation at 1800 rpm for 10 min at 4°C to remove non associated bacteria. (Note: Supernatant after each wash was plated on nutrient gar plates and after third wash, there was complete removal of the non-adhered bacterial cells). The cells were then treated with lysis solution (0.025% trypsin and 1% tween 20 in PBS) for 30 min at 37°C. Total number of associated bacteria (T) (adherent and invaded) was assessed by plating suitable dilutions of the cell suspension on nutrient agar plates. The final results were expressed as% adherence. Suitable control containing only nasal epithelial cells with no added bacteria was also processed in the same way to check for sterility throughout the experiment. Invasion assay The gentamicin survival assay was performed as per the method of El-Housseiny et al. [17] in order to determine the number of invaded bacteria.