huxleyi. The width of arrows represents the amount of compounds how much flow along the arrow. a Acidification by HCl changes in the equilibration between dissolved CO2 and bicarbonate toward CO2 production to decrease bicarbonate concentration. Dissolved CO2 SN-38 mouse concentration equilibrated with air bubbled was same among three pH conditions. The present study proved that the decrease in HCO3 − concentration suppressed coccolith production which

is due to diminishing EPZ015938 manufacturer Ca2+-uptake by cells. Photosynthetic production of storage (NP) and coccolith polysaccharides (CP) was stimulated by acidification. b Acidification by CO2 enrichment increases dissolved CO2 concentration and bicarbonate production by increasing

inorganic carbon substrates. The resulted increase in CO2 and bicarbonate which are substrate for photosynthetic CO2 fixation and intracellular calcification, respectively (Sekino and Shiraiwa 1994), stimulated both reactions. High concentration of bicarbonate also stimulated Ca-uptake. As a result, all those processes stimulated photosynthetic CO2 fixation and coccolith production Acidification by CO2 enrichment promoted photosynthetic O2 evolution www.selleckchem.com/products/lazertinib-yh25448-gns-1480.html (Fig. 2), the morphological change in increase of cell volume, coccolith production (Fig. 4), Ca2+-uptake into cells (Fig. 6), and the production of acid (AP) and neutral polysaccharides (NP) (Fig. 7). On the other hand, acidification by both HCl and CO2 enrichment did not affect the activity of photosystem activities directly (Fig. 3). The state of photosystem II determined by F v/F m and the electron transport activity of the whole photosystem (ϕPSII) of acidification were hardly changed by acidification during growth, irrespective of pH of the medium (Fig. 3a, b). In contrast, the F v/F m values Benzatropine decreased under ocean acidification conditions where air with elevated concentration

of CO2 was bubbled (Fig. 3c, e). The reason for the difference is unclear yet. These data are different from a previous report in which damage of photosystem II (PSII), namely decrease in F v/F m, by acidification in the thylakoid membrane of the green algae Scenedesmus obliquus (Heinze and Dau 1996). The possible explanation on the phenomena is that excess CO2 concentration in the medium induces high CO2 input into the chloroplast stroma and results in rapid acidification by the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate plus H+ by chloroplast carbonic anhydrases. Those reactions affect PSII directly and induced a decay of the F v/F m value.