We aimed to provide pilot data to investigate adaptations in calcium homeostasis during the reproductive cycle in Gambian women and to investigate that there was an indication of the pattern of response to be different from women with

a higher calcium intake in order to consider whether a larger study Epigenetics inhibitor is warranted. Materials and methods Subjects Healthy pregnant, lactating and non-pregnant, non-lactating (NPNL) women, ten in each group, were identified through the West Kiang database and were recruited in 2008 from the villages of Keneba, Manduar and Kanton Kunda, in West Kiang, The Gambia, West Africa. Subjects were matched for age and parity at inclusion. Trained fieldworkers SBI-0206965 supplier explained the study in the participant’s native language, and an informed written consent was obtained. Pregnant women were 30–36 weeks gestation, based on predicted date of delivery as estimated by a midwife Selleck Ferrostatin-1 after an ultrasound scan and the date of

the last menstrual period, and was back tracked on the basis of the date of birth of the baby. Lactating women were 2–4 months post-partum based on the date of birth of their child and were demand breastfeeding. NPNL women reported to have recently had their menstrual period and were at least 3 months post-lactation; the period of breastfeeding in this region is typically 18–24 months [7]. We did not collect information on the use of contraceptives as this is a sensitive issue in this community and would have been unlikely to result in accurate data. The study took place at the MRC Keneba Fieldstation in the wet season (June–September). The study was approved by the joint Gambian Government/MRC Ethics Committee, and the London School of Hygiene Rucaparib and Tropical Medicine Ethics Committee. Calcium-loading test The strictly standardized protocol was based on that used in pregnant, lactating and NPNL white Australian women by Kent et al. [1]. Women arrived between 0700 and 0800 hours after an overnight fast and were asked to empty their bladder 60 min

prior to being given the calcium dose. This consisted of 1 g elemental calcium (given as two CaCO3 tablets; Calcichew, Shire Pharmaceuticals Ltd., UK). Water (200 ml) was given every hour. Blood samples were taken 30 min before (pre-Ca) and 180 min after the calcium (post-Ca) dose. All urine produced between 60 min pre-Ca and baseline and from baseline to 120 and 240 min post-Ca was collected. All samples were collected within 5 min before or after the scheduled time). A small standardized meal (300 g of porridge, composed of 49 g millet flour, 230 ml water, 1 g salt, 20 g sugar; composition: 780 kJ, 14 mg calcium, 36 mg phosphorus, 0.1 mg phytates) was given 30 min post-Ca, and participants were requested to eat it all.