Generating a taxonomy file for bee-associated sequences Fine scale taxonomic placement (below phylum level) for relatively novel bacterial groups is difficult to accomplish and subject to some debate [13]. In order to taxonomically classify these sequences we utilized the phylogenetic framework generated above (Figure 1) and also queried the RDP (using the RDP-seqmatch tool) for nearest cultured representatives. We used cultured isolates (identified by the RDP-seqmatch tool) to root our phylogeny, generated by the 276 honey bee representative

sequences. Based on percent AZD5582 in vitro identity to the cultured representative, each sequence in the honey bee dataset was assigned to either the class or the genus level. If the cultured representative was >95% identical to the bee derived sequence, we placed the novel bee sequence in the genus of the cultured representative. If, however, a BVD-523 cultured isolate was not found with identity above 95% for the bee sequence, but they grouped in a clade containing a cultured representative,

the bee sequences were placed in the same class and we noted incertae sedis in the taxonomy file. In addition to this de novo generation of taxonomic information for the bee associated sequences, if phylogenetic information (as established by Cox-Foster et al., 2006) was available for Crenigacestat datasheet any of the Genbank submissions, that information was also included in the taxonomy. For example, names of bee specific groups such as “alpha-2.1” and “beta” (recurring in many bee studies) often appear in the full genbank accession Leukocyte receptor tyrosine kinase for these sequences. Occasionally the Genbank records list an organism’s full taxonomic designation without considering its placement in the phylogenetic framework previously identified for honey bee guts. For example, Lactobacillus apis has a Genbank taxonomy that does not consider it part of the firm-4 group. In our taxonomy, we did not remove the genus and species name but instead consider this sequence to be part of the firm-4 clade at the family level. Figure 1 Phylogenetic relationships for the

bacterial species included in the honey bee specific database (with bootstrap support indicated above branches if > 75%) . Class level designations are highlighted in red while lower rank taxonomic designations are indicated using arrows on nodes. Specific clades identified previously in honey bees are colored in blue while novel clades identified here, including cultured isolates and well-described genera (such as Wolbachia), are colored in yellow. Processing of pyrosequencing amplicons from honey bee guts Raw .sff files corresponding to 16S rRNA gene amplicons from the honey bee gut were downloaded from the DDBJ (DRA000526). The sequences were the result of an amplification of the V1/V2 hypervariable 16S regions with primers 27 F and 338IIR [25].