oryzae, with phenotype and GO annotations for every gene described in the literature for these species, including those related to secondary metabolism. The direct, manual curation of genes from the literature forms the basis for the computational annotations at AspGD. This information, collected in a centralized, freely accessible resource, provides an indispensible resource for scientific Selleckchem EPZ5676 information for researchers. During the course of curation, we identified gaps in the set of GO terms that were available

in the Biological Process branch of the ontology. To improve the GO annotations for secondary metabolite biosynthetic genes, we added new, more specific BP terms to the GO and used these new terms for direct annotation of Aspergillus genes. These terms include the specific secondary metabolite in each GO term BIBW2992 supplier name. Because ‘secondary metabolic process’ (GO:0019748) and ‘regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process’ (GO:0043455) map to different branches in the GO hierarchy, complete annotation of transcriptional regulators of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters, such as laeA, requires an additional annotation to the regulatory term that we also added for each secondary metabolite. GO annotations facilitate predictions of gene function across multiple

species and, as part of this project, we used orthology relationships between experimentally characterized A. nidulans, A. fumigatus, A. niger and A. AZD5363 solubility dmso oryzae genes to provide orthology-based GO predictions for the unannotated secondary metabolism-related genes in AspGD. The prediction and complete cataloging of these candidate secondary metabolism-related genes will facilitate future experimental studies and, ultimately, the identification of all secondary metabolites and the corresponding secondary metabolism genes in Aspergillus and other species. The SMURF and antiSMASH algorithms are efficient at predicting

gene clusters on the basis of the presence of certain canonical backbone enzymes; however, disparities between boundaries predicted by these methods became obvious when the clusters predicted by each method were aligned. While there was an extensive overlap between the two sets of identified clusters, in most cases the cluster boundaries predicted by SMURF and antiSMASH were different, requiring manual refinement. The data analysis of Andersen et al.[16] used a clustering matrix to identify superclusters, Ponatinib clinical trial defined as clusters with similar expression, independent of chromosomal location, that are predicted to participate in cross-chemistry between clusters to synthesize a single secondary metabolite. They identified seven superclusters of A. nidulans. Two known meroterpenoid clusters that exhibit cross-chemistry, and are located on separate chromosomes, are the austinol (aus) clusters involved in the synthesis of austinol and dehydroaustinol [31, 37]. The biosynthesis of prenyl xanthones in A. nidulans is dependent on three separate gene clusters [36].