For each band, more than 10 clones were picked up and 5 of them were sequenced. Clone library construction for methanogens in the mixed-cultures and phylogenetic analysis The 25th mixed-subculture was used for construction of methanogen clone library using PCR primers 86f/1340r. The PCR reaction system and amplification parameters were described above. PCR product was purified using a PCR Clean-Up system (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) and Selleckchem AZD2171 cloned into E. coli strain TOP10 using the pGEM-T

Easy vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The plasmids were re-amplified by PCR using the primers and parameters described above. The PCR products were digested initially with restriction enzyme HaeIII (Fermentas, Canada), according to the manufacturer’s specifications. Digested DNA fragments were separated on a 4% LY3023414 cost molecular VS-4718 manufacturer screening agarose gel (Biowest, Spain) running at 100 V. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms were grouped according to their riboprint pattern and compared to a riboprint database for identification [33]. In some cases, when two or more strains had the same HaeIII riboprint, an additional digestion with Alu I, Hpa II and Sau 3A (Fermentas, Canada) were applied to further differentiate the closely related

strains. All the riboprints that differed from one another were sequenced. Sequencing was performed by Invitrogen BioTech (Shanghai, China) and all the sequences were confirmed by using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) in GenBank. The phylotypes were designated by using the prefix LGM, followed by AF to indicate the origin of the clones, and a number to identify each phylotype. The GenBank accession numbers for these phylotype sequences range from DQ985538 to DQ985550. The methanogen phylotypes generated above were subjected for phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic analysis Teicoplanin included 16S rRNA gene sequences downloaded from

GenBank and the sequences obtained in this study. Pyrolobus fumarius (×99555) was used as an outgroup. The phylogenetic software MEGA5.1 was used to calculate the sequence similarities and the evolutionary distances between the pairs of nucleotide sequences determined, using the Kimura two-parameter correction model [34]. A distance matrix tree was then constructed using the neighbor-joining method [35] and bootstrap resampled was conducted 1000 times [36]. PCR primers designed for the detection of the novel RCC species PCR primers were designed targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Multiple alignments of the 16S rRNA genes were used to identify specific regions of the novel RCC species using DNASTAR® software. The primers were then designed from multiple alignments of the 16S rRNA genes of 26 methanogenic archaea.