, La Jolla, CA, USA. Comparison of data between individual control and patient groups was performed using the Mann–Whitney U-test, while the effect of antigens on cytokine secretion in particular groups was determined using the Wilcoxon rank analysis. P ≤ 0.05 were considered to be significantly different. We determined mycobacterial antigen–stimulated IFNγ secretion in whole blood cultures of patients with TB and healthy ECs in response to ESAT6, CFP10 and M. tuberculosis sonicate (MTBs). In patients with TB, the IFNγ levels induced by each of the antigens were significantly greater than unstimulated

levels (P < 0.001, respectively, Fig. 1). However, in ECs, only MTBs stimulated a significant increase in IFNγ secretion as compared with unstimulated levels. When ex vivo whole blood cells responses between TB and EC groups were compared, ESAT6-induced IFNγ ABT-888 datasheet levels were found to be greater in patients than controls, P = 0.002. In TB, the magnitude of IFNγ secretion in response to MTBs stimulation was greater than that by ESAT6 (P < 0.001) and CFP10 (P < 0.001) while, CFP10-induced IFNγ secretion was greater than that induced by ESAT6 (P = 0.002). Overall, MTBs was a potent activator of immune responses in EC and TB, and we further examined whether this buy Peptide 17 antigen could be used to dissect immune responses across the TB disease spectrum. To investigate differences in immune responses of patients with pulmonary

or extrapulmonary TB [16, 20, 27] we determined MTBs-induced IFNγ, CXCL10, CCL2, CXCL9 and IL10 secretion in whole blood cells of PTB and ETB groups as compared with ECs. MTBs-induced IFNγ and CXCL9 secretion were similar in PTB and ETB as compared with ECs (Fig. 2A, B). MTBs-induced CXCL10 Fossariinae levels were significantly reduced in

both patients with PTB (P = 0.001) and ETB (P = 0.012) (Fig. 2C) as compared with ECs. MTBs-induced CCL2 levels in patients with ETB were significantly lower as compared with PTB (P = 0.001) and EC (P < 0.001) groups, Fig. 2D. MTBs-induced IL10 secretion was raised in PTB (P < 0.001) and ETB (P < 0.001) as compared with EC, and between TB groups, IL10 levels were found to be higher in PTB as compared with ETB (P ≤ 0.001), Fig. 2E. We then investigated whether MTBs-induced immune responses were affected by severity of disease at pulmonary sites. Responses of patients with Mod-PTB and Adv-PTB were compared. It was observed that MTBs-stimulated IFN-γ levels were higher in patients with Mod-PTB as compared with Adv-PTB (P = 0.014), Fig. 3A. In line with this, MTBs-induced CXCL10 responses were also greater in Mod-PTB as compared with patients with Adv-PTB (P = 0.022), Fig. 3B. MTBs-induced CXCL9, CCL2 and IL10 levels in Mod-PTB and Adv-PTB were found to be similar (data not shown). We subsequently determined MTBs-induced cytokine and chemokine responses in ETB with cases classified into those with less-severe ETB (L-ETB) or severe disseminated ETB (D-ETB).